HTTP | Node.js v22.23.0 Documentation

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- HTTP
  - Class: `http.Agent`
    - `new Agent([options])`
    - `agent.createConnection(options[, callback])`
    - `agent.keepSocketAlive(socket)`
    - `agent.reuseSocket(socket, request)`
    - `agent.destroy()`
    - `agent.freeSockets`
    - `agent.getName([options])`
    - `agent.maxFreeSockets`
    - `agent.maxSockets`
    - `agent.maxTotalSockets`
    - `agent.requests`
    - `agent.sockets`
  - Class: `http.ClientRequest`
    - Event: `'abort'`
    - Event: `'close'`
    - Event: `'connect'`
    - Event: `'continue'`
    - Event: `'finish'`
    - Event: `'information'`
    - Event: `'response'`
    - Event: `'socket'`
    - Event: `'timeout'`
    - Event: `'upgrade'`
    - `request.abort()`
    - `request.aborted`
    - `request.connection`
    - `request.cork()`
    - `request.end([data[, encoding]][, callback])`
    - `request.destroy([error])`
      - `request.destroyed`
    - `request.finished`
    - `request.flushHeaders()`
    - `request.getHeader(name)`
    - `request.getHeaderNames()`
    - `request.getHeaders()`
    - `request.getRawHeaderNames()`
    - `request.hasHeader(name)`
    - `request.maxHeadersCount`
    - `request.path`
    - `request.method`
    - `request.host`
    - `request.protocol`
    - `request.removeHeader(name)`
    - `request.reusedSocket`
    - `request.setHeader(name, value)`
    - `request.setNoDelay([noDelay])`
    - `request.setSocketKeepAlive([enable][, initialDelay])`
    - `request.setTimeout(timeout[, callback])`
    - `request.socket`
    - `request.uncork()`
    - `request.writableEnded`
    - `request.writableFinished`
    - `request.write(chunk[, encoding][, callback])`
  - Class: `http.Server`
    - Event: `'checkContinue'`
    - Event: `'checkExpectation'`
    - Event: `'clientError'`
    - Event: `'close'`
    - Event: `'connect'`
    - Event: `'connection'`
    - Event: `'dropRequest'`
    - Event: `'request'`
    - Event: `'upgrade'`
    - `server.close([callback])`
    - `server.closeAllConnections()`
    - `server.closeIdleConnections()`
    - `server.headersTimeout`
    - `server.listen()`
    - `server.listening`
    - `server.maxHeadersCount`
    - `server.requestTimeout`
    - `server.setTimeout([msecs][, callback])`
    - `server.maxRequestsPerSocket`
    - `server.timeout`
    - `server.keepAliveTimeout`
    - `server.keepAliveTimeoutBuffer`
    - `server[Symbol.asyncDispose]()`
  - Class: `http.ServerResponse`
    - Event: `'close'`
    - Event: `'finish'`
    - `response.addTrailers(headers)`
    - `response.connection`
    - `response.cork()`
    - `response.end([data[, encoding]][, callback])`
    - `response.finished`
    - `response.flushHeaders()`
    - `response.getHeader(name)`
    - `response.getHeaderNames()`
    - `response.getHeaders()`
    - `response.hasHeader(name)`
    - `response.headersSent`
    - `response.removeHeader(name)`
    - `response.req`
    - `response.sendDate`
    - `response.setHeader(name, value)`
    - `response.setTimeout(msecs[, callback])`
    - `response.socket`
    - `response.statusCode`
    - `response.statusMessage`
    - `response.strictContentLength`
    - `response.uncork()`
    - `response.writableEnded`
    - `response.writableFinished`
    - `response.write(chunk[, encoding][, callback])`
    - `response.writeContinue()`
    - `response.writeEarlyHints(hints[, callback])`
    - `response.writeHead(statusCode[, statusMessage][, headers])`
    - `response.writeProcessing()`
  - Class: `http.IncomingMessage`
    - Event: `'aborted'`
    - Event: `'close'`
    - `message.aborted`
    - `message.complete`
    - `message.connection`
    - `message.destroy([error])`
    - `message.headers`
    - `message.headersDistinct`
    - `message.httpVersion`
    - `message.method`
    - `message.rawHeaders`
    - `message.rawTrailers`
    - `message.setTimeout(msecs[, callback])`
    - `message.socket`
    - `message.statusCode`
    - `message.statusMessage`
    - `message.trailers`
    - `message.trailersDistinct`
    - `message.url`
  - Class: `http.OutgoingMessage`
    - Event: `'drain'`
    - Event: `'finish'`
    - Event: `'prefinish'`
    - `outgoingMessage.addTrailers(headers)`
    - `outgoingMessage.appendHeader(name, value)`
    - `outgoingMessage.connection`
    - `outgoingMessage.cork()`
    - `outgoingMessage.destroy([error])`
    - `outgoingMessage.end(chunk[, encoding][, callback])`
    - `outgoingMessage.flushHeaders()`
    - `outgoingMessage.getHeader(name)`
    - `outgoingMessage.getHeaderNames()`
    - `outgoingMessage.getHeaders()`
    - `outgoingMessage.hasHeader(name)`
    - `outgoingMessage.headersSent`
    - `outgoingMessage.pipe()`
    - `outgoingMessage.removeHeader(name)`
    - `outgoingMessage.setHeader(name, value)`
    - `outgoingMessage.setHeaders(headers)`
    - `outgoingMessage.setTimeout(msecs[, callback])`
    - `outgoingMessage.socket`
    - `outgoingMessage.uncork()`
    - `outgoingMessage.writableCorked`
    - `outgoingMessage.writableEnded`
    - `outgoingMessage.writableFinished`
    - `outgoingMessage.writableHighWaterMark`
    - `outgoingMessage.writableLength`
    - `outgoingMessage.writableObjectMode`
    - `outgoingMessage.write(chunk[, encoding][, callback])`
  - `http.METHODS`
  - `http.STATUS_CODES`
  - `http.createServer([options][, requestListener])`
  - `http.get(options[, callback])`
  - `http.get(url[, options][, callback])`
  - `http.globalAgent`
  - `http.maxHeaderSize`
  - `http.request(options[, callback])`
  - `http.request(url[, options][, callback])`
  - `http.validateHeaderName(name[, label])`
  - `http.validateHeaderValue(name, value)`
  - `http.setMaxIdleHTTPParsers(max)`
  - Class: `WebSocket`
  - Built-in Proxy Support
    - Proxy URL Format
    - `NO_PROXY` Format
    - Example

## HTTP#

Stability: 2 - Stable

Source Code: lib/http.js

This module, containing both a client and server, can be imported via `require('node:http')` (CommonJS) or `import * as http from 'node:http'` (ES module).

The HTTP interfaces in Node.js are designed to support many features of the protocol which have been traditionally difficult to use. In particular, large, possibly chunk-encoded, messages. The interface is careful to never buffer entire requests or responses, so the user is able to stream data.

HTTP message headers are represented by an object like this:

    { "content-length": "123",
      "content-type": "text/plain",
      "connection": "keep-alive",
      "host": "example.com",
      "accept": "*/*" }

Keys are lowercased. Values are not modified.

In order to support the full spectrum of possible HTTP applications, the Node.js HTTP API is very low-level. It deals with stream handling and message parsing only. It parses a message into headers and body but it does not parse the actual headers or the body.

See `message.headers` for details on how duplicate headers are handled.

The raw headers as they were received are retained in the `rawHeaders` property, which is an array of `[key, value, key2, value2, ...]`. For example, the previous message header object might have a `rawHeaders` list like the following:

    [ 'ConTent-Length', '123456',
      'content-LENGTH', '123',
      'content-type', 'text/plain',
      'CONNECTION', 'keep-alive',
      'Host', 'example.com',
      'accepT', '*/*' ]

### Class: `http.Agent`#

Added in: v0.3.4

An `Agent` is responsible for managing connection persistence and reuse for HTTP clients. It maintains a queue of pending requests for a given host and port, reusing a single socket connection for each until the queue is empty, at which time the socket is either destroyed or put into a pool where it is kept to be used again for requests to the same host and port. Whether it is destroyed or pooled depends on the `keepAlive` option.

Pooled connections have TCP Keep-Alive enabled for them, but servers may still close idle connections, in which case they will be removed from the pool and a new connection will be made when a new HTTP request is made for that host and port. Servers may also refuse to allow multiple requests over the same connection, in which case the connection will have to be remade for every request and cannot be pooled. The `Agent` will still make the requests to that server, but each one will occur over a new connection.

When a connection is closed by the client or the server, it is removed from the pool. Any unused sockets in the pool will be unrefed so as not to keep the Node.js process running when there are no outstanding requests. (see `socket.unref()`).

It is good practice, to `destroy()` an `Agent` instance when it is no longer in use, because unused sockets consume OS resources.

Sockets are removed from an agent when the socket emits either a `'close'` event or an `'agentRemove'` event. When intending to keep one HTTP request open for a long time without keeping it in the agent, something like the following may be done:

    http.get(options, (res) => {
      // Do stuff
    }).on('socket', (socket) => {
      socket.emit('agentRemove');
    });

An agent may also be used for an individual request. By providing `{agent: false}` as an option to the `http.get()` or `http.request()` functions, a one-time use `Agent` with default options will be used for the client connection.

`agent:false`:

    http.get({
      hostname: 'localhost',
      port: 80,
      path: '/',
      agent: false,  // Create a new agent just for this one request
    }, (res) => {
      // Do stuff with response
    });

#### `new Agent([options])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v22.21.0 | Add support for `proxyEnv`.
v22.21.0 | Add support for `defaultPort` and `protocol`.
v22.20.0 | Add support for `agentKeepAliveTimeoutBuffer`.
v15.6.0, v14.17.0 | Change the default scheduling from 'fifo' to 'lifo'.
v14.5.0, v12.20.0 | Add `scheduling` option to specify the free socket scheduling strategy.
v14.5.0, v12.19.0 | Add `maxTotalSockets` option to agent constructor.
v0.3.4 | Added in: v0.3.4

- `options` <Object> Set of configurable options to set on the agent. Can have the following fields:
  - `keepAlive` <boolean> Keep sockets around even when there are no outstanding requests, so they can be used for future requests without having to reestablish a TCP connection. Not to be confused with the `keep-alive` value of the `Connection` header. The `Connection: keep-alive` header is always sent when using an agent except when the `Connection` header is explicitly specified or when the `keepAlive` and `maxSockets` options are respectively set to `false` and `Infinity`, in which case `Connection: close` will be used. Default: `false`.
  - `keepAliveMsecs` <number> When using the `keepAlive` option, specifies the initial delay for TCP Keep-Alive packets. Ignored when the `keepAlive` option is `false` or `undefined`. Default: `1000`.
  - `agentKeepAliveTimeoutBuffer` <number> Milliseconds to subtract from the server-provided `keep-alive: timeout=...` hint when determining socket expiration time. This buffer helps ensure the agent closes the socket slightly before the server does, reducing the chance of sending a request on a socket that’s about to be closed by the server. Default: `1000`.
  - `maxSockets` <number> Maximum number of sockets to allow per host. If the same host opens multiple concurrent connections, each request will use new socket until the `maxSockets` value is reached. If the host attempts to open more connections than `maxSockets`, the additional requests will enter into a pending request queue, and will enter active connection state when an existing connection terminates. This makes sure there are at most `maxSockets` active connections at any point in time, from a given host. Default: `Infinity`.
  - `maxTotalSockets` <number> Maximum number of sockets allowed for all hosts in total. Each request will use a new socket until the maximum is reached. Default: `Infinity`.
  - `maxFreeSockets` <number> Maximum number of sockets per host to leave open in a free state. Only relevant if `keepAlive` is set to `true`. Default: `256`.
  - `scheduling` <string> Scheduling strategy to apply when picking the next free socket to use. It can be `'fifo'` or `'lifo'`. The main difference between the two scheduling strategies is that `'lifo'` selects the most recently used socket, while `'fifo'` selects the least recently used socket. In case of a low rate of request per second, the `'lifo'` scheduling will lower the risk of picking a socket that might have been closed by the server due to inactivity. In case of a high rate of request per second, the `'fifo'` scheduling will maximize the number of open sockets, while the `'lifo'` scheduling will keep it as low as possible. Default: `'lifo'`.
  - `timeout` <number> Socket timeout in milliseconds. This will set the timeout when the socket is created.
  - `proxyEnv` <Object> | <undefined> Environment variables for proxy configuration. See Built-in Proxy Support for details. Default: `undefined`
    - `HTTP_PROXY` <string> | <undefined> URL for the proxy server that HTTP requests should use. If undefined, no proxy is used for HTTP requests.
    - `HTTPS_PROXY` <string> | <undefined> URL for the proxy server that HTTPS requests should use. If undefined, no proxy is used for HTTPS requests.
    - `NO_PROXY` <string> | <undefined> Patterns specifying the endpoints that should not be routed through a proxy.
    - `http_proxy` <string> | <undefined> Same as `HTTP_PROXY`. If both are set, `http_proxy` takes precedence.
    - `https_proxy` <string> | <undefined> Same as `HTTPS_PROXY`. If both are set, `https_proxy` takes precedence.
    - `no_proxy` <string> | <undefined> Same as `NO_PROXY`. If both are set, `no_proxy` takes precedence.
  - `defaultPort` <number> Default port to use when the port is not specified in requests. Default: `80`.
  - `protocol` <string> The protocol to use for the agent. Default: `'http:'`.

`options` in `socket.connect()` are also supported.

To configure any of them, a custom `http.Agent` instance must be created.

    import { Agent, request } from 'node:http';
    const keepAliveAgent = new Agent({ keepAlive: true });
    options.agent = keepAliveAgent;
    request(options, onResponseCallback);const http = require('node:http');
    const keepAliveAgent = new http.Agent({ keepAlive: true });
    options.agent = keepAliveAgent;
    http.request(options, onResponseCallback);

#### `agent.createConnection(options[, callback])`#

Added in: v0.11.4

- `options` <Object> Options containing connection details. Check `net.createConnection()` for the format of the options. For custom agents, this object is passed to the custom `createConnection` function.
- `callback` <Function> (Optional, primarily for custom agents) A function to be called by a custom `createConnection` implementation when the socket is created, especially for asynchronous operations.
  - `err` <Error> | <null> An error object if socket creation failed.
  - `socket` <stream.Duplex> The created socket.
- Returns: <stream.Duplex> The created socket. This is returned by the default implementation or by a custom synchronous `createConnection` implementation. If a custom `createConnection` uses the `callback` for asynchronous operation, this return value might not be the primary way to obtain the socket.

Produces a socket/stream to be used for HTTP requests.

By default, this function behaves identically to `net.createConnection()`, synchronously returning the created socket. The optional `callback` parameter in the signature is not used by this default implementation.

However, custom agents may override this method to provide greater flexibility, for example, to create sockets asynchronously. When overriding `createConnection`:

1. Synchronous socket creation: The overriding method can return the socket/stream directly.
2. Asynchronous socket creation: The overriding method can accept the `callback` and pass the created socket/stream to it (e.g., `callback(null, newSocket)`). If an error occurs during socket creation, it should be passed as the first argument to the `callback` (e.g., `callback(err)`).

The agent will call the provided `createConnection` function with `options` and this internal `callback`. The `callback` provided by the agent has a signature of `(err, stream)`.

#### `agent.keepSocketAlive(socket)`#

Added in: v8.1.0

- `socket` <stream.Duplex>

Called when `socket` is detached from a request and could be persisted by the `Agent`. Default behavior is to:

    socket.setKeepAlive(true, this.keepAliveMsecs);
    socket.unref();
    return true;

This method can be overridden by a particular `Agent` subclass. If this method returns a falsy value, the socket will be destroyed instead of persisting it for use with the next request.

The `socket` argument can be an instance of <net.Socket>, a subclass of <stream.Duplex>.

#### `agent.reuseSocket(socket, request)`#

Added in: v8.1.0

- `socket` <stream.Duplex>
- `request` <http.ClientRequest>

Called when `socket` is attached to `request` after being persisted because of the keep-alive options. Default behavior is to:

    socket.ref();

This method can be overridden by a particular `Agent` subclass.

The `socket` argument can be an instance of <net.Socket>, a subclass of <stream.Duplex>.

#### `agent.destroy()`#

Added in: v0.11.4

Destroy any sockets that are currently in use by the agent.

It is usually not necessary to do this. However, if using an agent with `keepAlive` enabled, then it is best to explicitly shut down the agent when it is no longer needed. Otherwise, sockets might stay open for quite a long time before the server terminates them.

#### `agent.freeSockets`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v16.0.0 | The property now has a `null` prototype.
v0.11.4 | Added in: v0.11.4

- Type: <Object>

An object which contains arrays of sockets currently awaiting use by the agent when `keepAlive` is enabled. Do not modify.

Sockets in the `freeSockets` list will be automatically destroyed and removed from the array on `'timeout'`.

#### `agent.getName([options])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v17.7.0, v16.15.0 | The `options` parameter is now optional.
v0.11.4 | Added in: v0.11.4

- `options` <Object> A set of options providing information for name generation
  - `host` <string> A domain name or IP address of the server to issue the request to
  - `port` <number> Port of remote server
  - `localAddress` <string> Local interface to bind for network connections when issuing the request
  - `family` <integer> Must be 4 or 6 if this doesn't equal `undefined`.
- Returns: <string>

Get a unique name for a set of request options, to determine whether a connection can be reused. For an HTTP agent, this returns `host:port:localAddress` or `host:port:localAddress:family`. For an HTTPS agent, the name includes the CA, cert, ciphers, and other HTTPS/TLS-specific options that determine socket reusability.

#### `agent.maxFreeSockets`#

Added in: v0.11.7

- Type: <number>

By default set to 256. For agents with `keepAlive` enabled, this sets the maximum number of sockets that will be left open in the free state.

#### `agent.maxSockets`#

Added in: v0.3.6

- Type: <number>

By default set to `Infinity`. Determines how many concurrent sockets the agent can have open per origin. Origin is the returned value of `agent.getName()`.

#### `agent.maxTotalSockets`#

Added in: v14.5.0, v12.19.0

- Type: <number>

By default set to `Infinity`. Determines how many concurrent sockets the agent can have open. Unlike `maxSockets`, this parameter applies across all origins.

#### `agent.requests`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v16.0.0 | The property now has a `null` prototype.
v0.5.9 | Added in: v0.5.9

- Type: <Object>

An object which contains queues of requests that have not yet been assigned to sockets. Do not modify.

#### `agent.sockets`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v16.0.0 | The property now has a `null` prototype.
v0.3.6 | Added in: v0.3.6

- Type: <Object>

An object which contains arrays of sockets currently in use by the agent. Do not modify.

### Class: `http.ClientRequest`#

Added in: v0.1.17

- Extends: <http.OutgoingMessage>

This object is created internally and returned from `http.request()`. It represents an in-progress request whose header has already been queued. The header is still mutable using the `setHeader(name, value)`, `getHeader(name)`, `removeHeader(name)` API. The actual header will be sent along with the first data chunk or when calling `request.end()`.

To get the response, add a listener for `'response'` to the request object. `'response'` will be emitted from the request object when the response headers have been received. The `'response'` event is executed with one argument which is an instance of `http.IncomingMessage`.

During the `'response'` event, one can add listeners to the response object; particularly to listen for the `'data'` event.

If no `'response'` handler is added, then the response will be entirely discarded. However, if a `'response'` event handler is added, then the data from the response object must be consumed, either by calling `response.read()` whenever there is a `'readable'` event, or by adding a `'data'` handler, or by calling the `.resume()` method. Until the data is consumed, the `'end'` event will not fire. Also, until the data is read it will consume memory that can eventually lead to a 'process out of memory' error.

For backward compatibility, `res` will only emit `'error'` if there is an `'error'` listener registered.

Set `Content-Length` header to limit the response body size. If `response.strictContentLength` is set to `true`, mismatching the `Content-Length` header value will result in an `Error` being thrown, identified by `code:` `'ERR_HTTP_CONTENT_LENGTH_MISMATCH'`.

`Content-Length` value should be in bytes, not characters. Use `Buffer.byteLength()` to determine the length of the body in bytes.

#### Event: `'abort'`#

Added in: v1.4.1Deprecated since: v17.0.0, v16.12.0

Stability: 0 - Deprecated. Listen for the `'close'` event instead.

Emitted when the request has been aborted by the client. This event is only emitted on the first call to `abort()`.

#### Event: `'close'`#

Added in: v0.5.4

Indicates that the request is completed, or its underlying connection was terminated prematurely (before the response completion).

#### Event: `'connect'`#

Added in: v0.7.0

- `response` <http.IncomingMessage>
- `socket` <stream.Duplex>
- `head` <Buffer>

Emitted each time a server responds to a request with a `CONNECT` method. If this event is not being listened for, clients receiving a `CONNECT` method will have their connections closed.

This event is guaranteed to be passed an instance of the <net.Socket> class, a subclass of <stream.Duplex>, unless the user specifies a socket type other than <net.Socket>.

A client and server pair demonstrating how to listen for the `'connect'` event:

    import { createServer, request } from 'node:http';
    import { connect } from 'node:net';
    import { URL } from 'node:url';

    // Create an HTTP tunneling proxy
    const proxy = createServer((req, res) => {
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'text/plain' });
      res.end('okay');
    });
    proxy.on('connect', (req, clientSocket, head) => {
      // Connect to an origin server
      const { port, hostname } = new URL(`http://${req.url}`);
      const serverSocket = connect(port || 80, hostname, () => {
        clientSocket.write('HTTP/1.1 200 Connection Established\r\n' +
                        'Proxy-agent: Node.js-Proxy\r\n' +
                        '\r\n');
        serverSocket.write(head);
        serverSocket.pipe(clientSocket);
        clientSocket.pipe(serverSocket);
      });
    });

    // Now that proxy is running
    proxy.listen(1337, '127.0.0.1', () => {

      // Make a request to a tunneling proxy
      const options = {
        port: 1337,
        host: '127.0.0.1',
        method: 'CONNECT',
        path: 'www.google.com:80',
      };

      const req = request(options);
      req.end();

      req.on('connect', (res, socket, head) => {
        console.log('got connected!');

        // Make a request over an HTTP tunnel
        socket.write('GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n' +
                     'Host: www.google.com:80\r\n' +
                     'Connection: close\r\n' +
                     '\r\n');
        socket.on('data', (chunk) => {
          console.log(chunk.toString());
        });
        socket.on('end', () => {
          proxy.close();
        });
      });
    });const http = require('node:http');
    const net = require('node:net');
    const { URL } = require('node:url');

    // Create an HTTP tunneling proxy
    const proxy = http.createServer((req, res) => {
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'text/plain' });
      res.end('okay');
    });
    proxy.on('connect', (req, clientSocket, head) => {
      // Connect to an origin server
      const { port, hostname } = new URL(`http://${req.url}`);
      const serverSocket = net.connect(port || 80, hostname, () => {
        clientSocket.write('HTTP/1.1 200 Connection Established\r\n' +
                        'Proxy-agent: Node.js-Proxy\r\n' +
                        '\r\n');
        serverSocket.write(head);
        serverSocket.pipe(clientSocket);
        clientSocket.pipe(serverSocket);
      });
    });

    // Now that proxy is running
    proxy.listen(1337, '127.0.0.1', () => {

      // Make a request to a tunneling proxy
      const options = {
        port: 1337,
        host: '127.0.0.1',
        method: 'CONNECT',
        path: 'www.google.com:80',
      };

      const req = http.request(options);
      req.end();

      req.on('connect', (res, socket, head) => {
        console.log('got connected!');

        // Make a request over an HTTP tunnel
        socket.write('GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n' +
                     'Host: www.google.com:80\r\n' +
                     'Connection: close\r\n' +
                     '\r\n');
        socket.on('data', (chunk) => {
          console.log(chunk.toString());
        });
        socket.on('end', () => {
          proxy.close();
        });
      });
    });

#### Event: `'continue'`#

Added in: v0.3.2

Emitted when the server sends a '100 Continue' HTTP response, usually because the request contained 'Expect: 100-continue'. This is an instruction that the client should send the request body.

#### Event: `'finish'`#

Added in: v0.3.6

Emitted when the request has been sent. More specifically, this event is emitted when the last segment of the request headers and body have been handed off to the operating system for transmission over the network. It does not imply that the server has received anything yet.

#### Event: `'information'`#

Added in: v10.0.0

- `info` <Object>
  - `httpVersion` <string>
  - `httpVersionMajor` <integer>
  - `httpVersionMinor` <integer>
  - `statusCode` <integer>
  - `statusMessage` <string>
  - `headers` <Object>
  - `rawHeaders` <string[]>

Emitted when the server sends a 1xx intermediate response (excluding 101 Upgrade). The listeners of this event will receive an object containing the HTTP version, status code, status message, key-value headers object, and array with the raw header names followed by their respective values.

    import { request } from 'node:http';

    const options = {
      host: '127.0.0.1',
      port: 8080,
      path: '/length_request',
    };

    // Make a request
    const req = request(options);
    req.end();

    req.on('information', (info) => {
      console.log(`Got information prior to main response: ${info.statusCode}`);
    });const http = require('node:http');

    const options = {
      host: '127.0.0.1',
      port: 8080,
      path: '/length_request',
    };

    // Make a request
    const req = http.request(options);
    req.end();

    req.on('information', (info) => {
      console.log(`Got information prior to main response: ${info.statusCode}`);
    });

101 Upgrade statuses do not fire this event due to their break from the traditional HTTP request/response chain, such as web sockets, in-place TLS upgrades, or HTTP 2.0. To be notified of 101 Upgrade notices, listen for the `'upgrade'` event instead.

#### Event: `'response'`#

Added in: v0.1.0

- `response` <http.IncomingMessage>

Emitted when a response is received to this request. This event is emitted only once.

#### Event: `'socket'`#

Added in: v0.5.3

- `socket` <stream.Duplex>

This event is guaranteed to be passed an instance of the <net.Socket> class, a subclass of <stream.Duplex>, unless the user specifies a socket type other than <net.Socket>.

#### Event: `'timeout'`#

Added in: v0.7.8

Emitted when the underlying socket times out from inactivity. This only notifies that the socket has been idle. The request must be destroyed manually.

See also: `request.setTimeout()`.

#### Event: `'upgrade'`#

Added in: v0.1.94

- `response` <http.IncomingMessage>
- `socket` <stream.Duplex>
- `head` <Buffer>

Emitted each time a server responds to a request with an upgrade. If this event is not being listened for and the response status code is 101 Switching Protocols, clients receiving an upgrade header will have their connections closed.

This event is guaranteed to be passed an instance of the <net.Socket> class, a subclass of <stream.Duplex>, unless the user specifies a socket type other than <net.Socket>.

A client server pair demonstrating how to listen for the `'upgrade'` event.

    import http from 'node:http';
    import process from 'node:process';

    // Create an HTTP server
    const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'text/plain' });
      res.end('okay');
    });
    server.on('upgrade', (req, socket, head) => {
      socket.write('HTTP/1.1 101 Web Socket Protocol Handshake\r\n' +
                   'Upgrade: WebSocket\r\n' +
                   'Connection: Upgrade\r\n' +
                   '\r\n');

      socket.pipe(socket); // echo back
    });

    // Now that server is running
    server.listen(1337, '127.0.0.1', () => {

      // make a request
      const options = {
        port: 1337,
        host: '127.0.0.1',
        headers: {
          'Connection': 'Upgrade',
          'Upgrade': 'websocket',
        },
      };

      const req = http.request(options);
      req.end();

      req.on('upgrade', (res, socket, upgradeHead) => {
        console.log('got upgraded!');
        socket.end();
        process.exit(0);
      });
    });const http = require('node:http');

    // Create an HTTP server
    const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'text/plain' });
      res.end('okay');
    });
    server.on('upgrade', (req, socket, head) => {
      socket.write('HTTP/1.1 101 Web Socket Protocol Handshake\r\n' +
                   'Upgrade: WebSocket\r\n' +
                   'Connection: Upgrade\r\n' +
                   '\r\n');

      socket.pipe(socket); // echo back
    });

    // Now that server is running
    server.listen(1337, '127.0.0.1', () => {

      // make a request
      const options = {
        port: 1337,
        host: '127.0.0.1',
        headers: {
          'Connection': 'Upgrade',
          'Upgrade': 'websocket',
        },
      };

      const req = http.request(options);
      req.end();

      req.on('upgrade', (res, socket, upgradeHead) => {
        console.log('got upgraded!');
        socket.end();
        process.exit(0);
      });
    });

#### `request.abort()`#

Added in: v0.3.8Deprecated since: v14.1.0, v13.14.0

Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use `request.destroy()` instead.

Marks the request as aborting. Calling this will cause remaining data in the response to be dropped and the socket to be destroyed.

#### `request.aborted`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v17.0.0, v16.12.0 | Deprecated since: v17.0.0, v16.12.0
v11.0.0 | The `aborted` property is no longer a timestamp number.
v0.11.14 | Added in: v0.11.14

Stability: 0 - Deprecated. Check `request.destroyed` instead.

- Type: <boolean>

The `request.aborted` property will be `true` if the request has been aborted.

#### `request.connection`#

Added in: v0.3.0Deprecated since: v13.0.0

Stability: 0 - Deprecated. Use `request.socket`.

- Type: <stream.Duplex>

See `request.socket`.

#### `request.cork()`#

Added in: v13.2.0, v12.16.0

See `writable.cork()`.

#### `request.end([data[, encoding]][, callback])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v15.0.0 | The `data` parameter can now be a `Uint8Array`.
v10.0.0 | This method now returns a reference to `ClientRequest`.
v0.1.90 | Added in: v0.1.90

- `data` <string> | <Buffer> | <Uint8Array>
- `encoding` <string>
- `callback` <Function>
- Returns: <this>

Finishes sending the request. If any parts of the body are unsent, it will flush them to the stream. If the request is chunked, this will send the terminating `'0\r\n\r\n'`.

If `data` is specified, it is equivalent to calling `request.write(data, encoding)` followed by `request.end(callback)`.

If `callback` is specified, it will be called when the request stream is finished.

#### `request.destroy([error])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v14.5.0 | The function returns `this` for consistency with other Readable streams.
v0.3.0 | Added in: v0.3.0

- `error` <Error> Optional, an error to emit with `'error'` event.
- Returns: <this>

Destroy the request. Optionally emit an `'error'` event, and emit a `'close'` event. Calling this will cause remaining data in the response to be dropped and the socket to be destroyed.

See `writable.destroy()` for further details.

##### `request.destroyed`#

Added in: v14.1.0, v13.14.0

- Type: <boolean>

Is `true` after `request.destroy()` has been called.

See `writable.destroyed` for further details.

#### `request.finished`#

Added in: v0.0.1Deprecated since: v13.4.0, v12.16.0

Stability: 0 - Deprecated. Use `request.writableEnded`.

- Type: <boolean>

The `request.finished` property will be `true` if `request.end()` has been called. `request.end()` will automatically be called if the request was initiated via `http.get()`.

#### `request.flushHeaders()`#

Added in: v1.6.0

Flushes the request headers.

For efficiency reasons, Node.js normally buffers the request headers until `request.end()` is called or the first chunk of request data is written. It then tries to pack the request headers and data into a single TCP packet.

That's usually desired (it saves a TCP round-trip), but not when the first data is not sent until possibly much later. `request.flushHeaders()` bypasses the optimization and kickstarts the request.

#### `request.getHeader(name)`#

Added in: v1.6.0

- `name` <string>
- Returns: <any>

Reads out a header on the request. The name is case-insensitive. The type of the return value depends on the arguments provided to `request.setHeader()`.

    request.setHeader('content-type', 'text/html');
    request.setHeader('Content-Length', Buffer.byteLength(body));
    request.setHeader('Cookie', ['type=ninja', 'language=javascript']);
    const contentType = request.getHeader('Content-Type');
    // 'contentType' is 'text/html'
    const contentLength = request.getHeader('Content-Length');
    // 'contentLength' is of type number
    const cookie = request.getHeader('Cookie');
    // 'cookie' is of type string[]

#### `request.getHeaderNames()`#

Added in: v7.7.0

- Returns: <string[]>

Returns an array containing the unique names of the current outgoing headers. All header names are lowercase.

    request.setHeader('Foo', 'bar');
    request.setHeader('Cookie', ['foo=bar', 'bar=baz']);

    const headerNames = request.getHeaderNames();
    // headerNames === ['foo', 'cookie']

#### `request.getHeaders()`#

Added in: v7.7.0

- Returns: <Object>

Returns a shallow copy of the current outgoing headers. Since a shallow copy is used, array values may be mutated without additional calls to various header-related http module methods. The keys of the returned object are the header names and the values are the respective header values. All header names are lowercase.

The object returned by the `request.getHeaders()` method does not prototypically inherit from the JavaScript `Object`. This means that typical `Object` methods such as `obj.toString()`, `obj.hasOwnProperty()`, and others are not defined and will not work.

    request.setHeader('Foo', 'bar');
    request.setHeader('Cookie', ['foo=bar', 'bar=baz']);

    const headers = request.getHeaders();
    // headers === { foo: 'bar', 'cookie': ['foo=bar', 'bar=baz'] }

#### `request.getRawHeaderNames()`#

Added in: v15.13.0, v14.17.0

- Returns: <string[]>

Returns an array containing the unique names of the current outgoing raw headers. Header names are returned with their exact casing being set.

    request.setHeader('Foo', 'bar');
    request.setHeader('Set-Cookie', ['foo=bar', 'bar=baz']);

    const headerNames = request.getRawHeaderNames();
    // headerNames === ['Foo', 'Set-Cookie']

#### `request.hasHeader(name)`#

Added in: v7.7.0

- `name` <string>
- Returns: <boolean>

Returns `true` if the header identified by `name` is currently set in the outgoing headers. The header name matching is case-insensitive.

    const hasContentType = request.hasHeader('content-type');

#### `request.maxHeadersCount`#

- Type: <number> Default: `2000`

Limits maximum response headers count. If set to 0, no limit will be applied.

#### `request.path`#

Added in: v0.4.0

- Type: <string> The request path.

#### `request.method`#

Added in: v0.1.97

- Type: <string> The request method.

#### `request.host`#

Added in: v14.5.0, v12.19.0

- Type: <string> The request host.

#### `request.protocol`#

Added in: v14.5.0, v12.19.0

- Type: <string> The request protocol.

#### `request.removeHeader(name)`#

Added in: v1.6.0

- `name` <string>

Removes a header that's already defined into headers object.

    request.removeHeader('Content-Type');

#### `request.reusedSocket`#

Added in: v13.0.0, v12.16.0

- Type: <boolean> Whether the request is send through a reused socket.

When sending request through a keep-alive enabled agent, the underlying socket might be reused. But if server closes connection at unfortunate time, client may run into a 'ECONNRESET' error.

    import http from 'node:http';
    const agent = new http.Agent({ keepAlive: true });

    // Server has a 5 seconds keep-alive timeout by default
    http
      .createServer((req, res) => {
        res.write('hello\n');
        res.end();
      })
      .listen(3000);

    setInterval(() => {
      // Adapting a keep-alive agent
      http.get('http://localhost:3000', { agent }, (res) => {
        res.on('data', (data) => {
          // Do nothing
        });
      });
    }, 5000); // Sending request on 5s interval so it's easy to hit idle timeoutconst http = require('node:http');
    const agent = new http.Agent({ keepAlive: true });

    // Server has a 5 seconds keep-alive timeout by default
    http
      .createServer((req, res) => {
        res.write('hello\n');
        res.end();
      })
      .listen(3000);

    setInterval(() => {
      // Adapting a keep-alive agent
      http.get('http://localhost:3000', { agent }, (res) => {
        res.on('data', (data) => {
          // Do nothing
        });
      });
    }, 5000); // Sending request on 5s interval so it's easy to hit idle timeout

By marking a request whether it reused socket or not, we can do automatic error retry base on it.

    import http from 'node:http';
    const agent = new http.Agent({ keepAlive: true });

    function retriableRequest() {
      const req = http
        .get('http://localhost:3000', { agent }, (res) => {
          // ...
        })
        .on('error', (err) => {
          // Check if retry is needed
          if (req.reusedSocket && err.code === 'ECONNRESET') {
            retriableRequest();
          }
        });
    }

    retriableRequest();const http = require('node:http');
    const agent = new http.Agent({ keepAlive: true });

    function retriableRequest() {
      const req = http
        .get('http://localhost:3000', { agent }, (res) => {
          // ...
        })
        .on('error', (err) => {
          // Check if retry is needed
          if (req.reusedSocket && err.code === 'ECONNRESET') {
            retriableRequest();
          }
        });
    }

    retriableRequest();

#### `request.setHeader(name, value)`#

Added in: v1.6.0

- `name` <string>
- `value` <any>

Sets a single header value for headers object. If this header already exists in the to-be-sent headers, its value will be replaced. Use an array of strings here to send multiple headers with the same name. Non-string values will be stored without modification. Therefore, `request.getHeader()` may return non-string values. However, the non-string values will be converted to strings for network transmission.

    request.setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/json');

or

    request.setHeader('Cookie', ['type=ninja', 'language=javascript']);

When the value is a string an exception will be thrown if it contains characters outside the `latin1` encoding.

If you need to pass UTF-8 characters in the value please encode the value using the RFC 8187 standard.

    const filename = 'Rock 🎵.txt';
    request.setHeader('Content-Disposition', `attachment; filename*=utf-8''${encodeURIComponent(filename)}`);

#### `request.setNoDelay([noDelay])`#

Added in: v0.5.9

- `noDelay` <boolean>

Once a socket is assigned to this request and is connected `socket.setNoDelay()` will be called.

#### `request.setSocketKeepAlive([enable][, initialDelay])`#

Added in: v0.5.9

- `enable` <boolean>
- `initialDelay` <number>

Once a socket is assigned to this request and is connected `socket.setKeepAlive()` will be called.

#### `request.setTimeout(timeout[, callback])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v9.0.0 | Consistently set socket timeout only when the socket connects.
v0.5.9 | Added in: v0.5.9

- `timeout` <number> Milliseconds before a request times out.
- `callback` <Function> Optional function to be called when a timeout occurs. Same as binding to the `'timeout'` event.
- Returns: <http.ClientRequest>

Once a socket is assigned to this request and is connected `socket.setTimeout()` will be called.

#### `request.socket`#

Added in: v0.3.0

- Type: <stream.Duplex>

Reference to the underlying socket. Usually users will not want to access this property. In particular, the socket will not emit `'readable'` events because of how the protocol parser attaches to the socket.

    import http from 'node:http';
    const options = {
      host: 'www.google.com',
    };
    const req = http.get(options);
    req.end();
    req.once('response', (res) => {
      const ip = req.socket.localAddress;
      const port = req.socket.localPort;
      console.log(`Your IP address is ${ip} and your source port is ${port}.`);
      // Consume response object
    });const http = require('node:http');
    const options = {
      host: 'www.google.com',
    };
    const req = http.get(options);
    req.end();
    req.once('response', (res) => {
      const ip = req.socket.localAddress;
      const port = req.socket.localPort;
      console.log(`Your IP address is ${ip} and your source port is ${port}.`);
      // Consume response object
    });

This property is guaranteed to be an instance of the <net.Socket> class, a subclass of <stream.Duplex>, unless the user specified a socket type other than <net.Socket>.

#### `request.uncork()`#

Added in: v13.2.0, v12.16.0

See `writable.uncork()`.

#### `request.writableEnded`#

Added in: v12.9.0

- Type: <boolean>

Is `true` after `request.end()` has been called. This property does not indicate whether the data has been flushed, for this use `request.writableFinished` instead.

#### `request.writableFinished`#

Added in: v12.7.0

- Type: <boolean>

Is `true` if all data has been flushed to the underlying system, immediately before the `'finish'` event is emitted.

#### `request.write(chunk[, encoding][, callback])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v15.0.0 | The `chunk` parameter can now be a `Uint8Array`.
v0.1.29 | Added in: v0.1.29

- `chunk` <string> | <Buffer> | <Uint8Array>
- `encoding` <string>
- `callback` <Function>
- Returns: <boolean>

Sends a chunk of the body. This method can be called multiple times. If no `Content-Length` is set, data will automatically be encoded in HTTP Chunked transfer encoding, so that server knows when the data ends. The `Transfer-Encoding: chunked` header is added. Calling `request.end()` is necessary to finish sending the request.

The `encoding` argument is optional and only applies when `chunk` is a string. Defaults to `'utf8'`.

The `callback` argument is optional and will be called when this chunk of data is flushed, but only if the chunk is non-empty.

Returns `true` if the entire data was flushed successfully to the kernel buffer. Returns `false` if all or part of the data was queued in user memory. `'drain'` will be emitted when the buffer is free again.

When `write` function is called with empty string or buffer, it does nothing and waits for more input.

### Class: `http.Server`#

Added in: v0.1.17

- Extends: <net.Server>

#### Event: `'checkContinue'`#

Added in: v0.3.0

- `request` <http.IncomingMessage>
- `response` <http.ServerResponse>

Emitted each time a request with an HTTP `Expect: 100-continue` is received. If this event is not listened for, the server will automatically respond with a `100 Continue` as appropriate.

Handling this event involves calling `response.writeContinue()` if the client should continue to send the request body, or generating an appropriate HTTP response (e.g. 400 Bad Request) if the client should not continue to send the request body.

When this event is emitted and handled, the `'request'` event will not be emitted.

#### Event: `'checkExpectation'`#

Added in: v5.5.0

- `request` <http.IncomingMessage>
- `response` <http.ServerResponse>

Emitted each time a request with an HTTP `Expect` header is received, where the value is not `100-continue`. If this event is not listened for, the server will automatically respond with a `417 Expectation Failed` as appropriate.

When this event is emitted and handled, the `'request'` event will not be emitted.

#### Event: `'clientError'`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v12.0.0 | The default behavior will return a 431 Request Header Fields Too Large if a HPE_HEADER_OVERFLOW error occurs.
v9.4.0 | The `rawPacket` is the current buffer that just parsed. Adding this buffer to the error object of `'clientError'` event is to make it possible that developers can log the broken packet.
v6.0.0 | The default action of calling `.destroy()` on the `socket` will no longer take place if there are listeners attached for `'clientError'`.
v0.1.94 | Added in: v0.1.94

- `exception` <Error>
- `socket` <stream.Duplex>

If a client connection emits an `'error'` event, it will be forwarded here. Listener of this event is responsible for closing/destroying the underlying socket. For example, one may wish to more gracefully close the socket with a custom HTTP response instead of abruptly severing the connection. The socket must be closed or destroyed before the listener ends.

This event is guaranteed to be passed an instance of the <net.Socket> class, a subclass of <stream.Duplex>, unless the user specifies a socket type other than <net.Socket>.

Default behavior is to try close the socket with a HTTP '400 Bad Request', or a HTTP '431 Request Header Fields Too Large' in the case of a `HPE_HEADER_OVERFLOW` error. If the socket is not writable or headers of the current attached `http.ServerResponse` has been sent, it is immediately destroyed.

`socket` is the `net.Socket` object that the error originated from.

    import http from 'node:http';

    const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
      res.end();
    });
    server.on('clientError', (err, socket) => {
      socket.end('HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n\r\n');
    });
    server.listen(8000);const http = require('node:http');

    const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
      res.end();
    });
    server.on('clientError', (err, socket) => {
      socket.end('HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n\r\n');
    });
    server.listen(8000);

When the `'clientError'` event occurs, there is no `request` or `response` object, so any HTTP response sent, including response headers and payload, must be written directly to the `socket` object. Care must be taken to ensure the response is a properly formatted HTTP response message.

`err` is an instance of `Error` with two extra columns:

- `bytesParsed`: the bytes count of request packet that Node.js may have parsed correctly;
- `rawPacket`: the raw packet of current request.

In some cases, the client has already received the response and/or the socket has already been destroyed, like in case of `ECONNRESET` errors. Before trying to send data to the socket, it is better to check that it is still writable.

    server.on('clientError', (err, socket) => {
      if (err.code === 'ECONNRESET' || !socket.writable) {
        return;
      }

      socket.end('HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n\r\n');
    });

#### Event: `'close'`#

Added in: v0.1.4

Emitted when the server closes.

#### Event: `'connect'`#

Added in: v0.7.0

- `request` <http.IncomingMessage> Arguments for the HTTP request, as it is in the `'request'` event
- `socket` <stream.Duplex> Network socket between the server and client
- `head` <Buffer> The first packet of the tunneling stream (may be empty)

Emitted each time a client requests an HTTP `CONNECT` method. If this event is not listened for, then clients requesting a `CONNECT` method will have their connections closed.

This event is guaranteed to be passed an instance of the <net.Socket> class, a subclass of <stream.Duplex>, unless the user specifies a socket type other than <net.Socket>.

After this event is emitted, the request's socket will not have a `'data'` event listener, meaning it will need to be bound in order to handle data sent to the server on that socket.

#### Event: `'connection'`#

Added in: v0.1.0

- `socket` <stream.Duplex>

This event is emitted when a new TCP stream is established. `socket` is typically an object of type `net.Socket`. Usually users will not want to access this event. In particular, the socket will not emit `'readable'` events because of how the protocol parser attaches to the socket. The `socket` can also be accessed at `request.socket`.

This event can also be explicitly emitted by users to inject connections into the HTTP server. In that case, any `Duplex` stream can be passed.

If `socket.setTimeout()` is called here, the timeout will be replaced with `server.keepAliveTimeout` when the socket has served a request (if `server.keepAliveTimeout` is non-zero).

This event is guaranteed to be passed an instance of the <net.Socket> class, a subclass of <stream.Duplex>, unless the user specifies a socket type other than <net.Socket>.

#### Event: `'dropRequest'`#

Added in: v18.7.0, v16.17.0

- `request` <http.IncomingMessage> Arguments for the HTTP request, as it is in the `'request'` event
- `socket` <stream.Duplex> Network socket between the server and client

When the number of requests on a socket reaches the threshold of `server.maxRequestsPerSocket`, the server will drop new requests and emit `'dropRequest'` event instead, then send `503` to client.

#### Event: `'request'`#

Added in: v0.1.0

- `request` <http.IncomingMessage>
- `response` <http.ServerResponse>

Emitted each time there is a request. There may be multiple requests per connection (in the case of HTTP Keep-Alive connections).

#### Event: `'upgrade'`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v22.21.0 | Whether this event is fired can now be controlled by the `shouldUpgradeCallback` and sockets will be destroyed if upgraded while no event handler is listening.
v10.0.0 | Not listening to this event no longer causes the socket to be destroyed if a client sends an Upgrade header.
v0.1.94 | Added in: v0.1.94

- `request` <http.IncomingMessage> Arguments for the HTTP request, as it is in the `'request'` event
- `socket` <stream.Duplex> Network socket between the server and client
- `head` <Buffer> The first packet of the upgraded stream (may be empty)

Emitted each time a client's HTTP upgrade request is accepted. By default all HTTP upgrade requests are ignored (i.e. only regular `'request'` events are emitted, sticking with the normal HTTP request/response flow) unless you listen to this event, in which case they are all accepted (i.e. the `'upgrade'` event is emitted instead, and future communication must handled directly through the raw socket). You can control this more precisely by using the server `shouldUpgradeCallback` option.

Listening to this event is optional and clients cannot insist on a protocol change.

After this event is emitted, the request's socket will not have a `'data'` event listener, meaning it will need to be bound in order to handle data sent to the server on that socket.

If an upgrade is accepted by `shouldUpgradeCallback` but no event handler is registered then the socket is destroyed, resulting in an immediate connection closure for the client.

This event is guaranteed to be passed an instance of the <net.Socket> class, a subclass of <stream.Duplex>, unless the user specifies a socket type other than <net.Socket>.

#### `server.close([callback])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v19.0.0 | The method closes idle connections before returning.
v0.1.90 | Added in: v0.1.90

- `callback` <Function>

Stops the server from accepting new connections and closes all connections connected to this server which are not sending a request or waiting for a response. See `net.Server.close()`.

    const http = require('node:http');

    const server = http.createServer({ keepAliveTimeout: 60000 }, (req, res) => {
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
      res.end(JSON.stringify({
        data: 'Hello World!',
      }));
    });

    server.listen(8000);
    // Close the server after 10 seconds
    setTimeout(() => {
      server.close(() => {
        console.log('server on port 8000 closed successfully');
      });
    }, 10000);

#### `server.closeAllConnections()`#

Added in: v18.2.0

Closes all established HTTP(S) connections connected to this server, including active connections connected to this server which are sending a request or waiting for a response. This does not destroy sockets upgraded to a different protocol, such as WebSocket or HTTP/2.

> This is a forceful way of closing all connections and should be used with caution. Whenever using this in conjunction with `server.close`, calling this after `server.close` is recommended as to avoid race conditions where new connections are created between a call to this and a call to `server.close`.

    const http = require('node:http');

    const server = http.createServer({ keepAliveTimeout: 60000 }, (req, res) => {
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
      res.end(JSON.stringify({
        data: 'Hello World!',
      }));
    });

    server.listen(8000);
    // Close the server after 10 seconds
    setTimeout(() => {
      server.close(() => {
        console.log('server on port 8000 closed successfully');
      });
      // Closes all connections, ensuring the server closes successfully
      server.closeAllConnections();
    }, 10000);

#### `server.closeIdleConnections()`#

Added in: v18.2.0

Closes all connections connected to this server which are not sending a request or waiting for a response.

> Starting with Node.js 19.0.0, there's no need for calling this method in conjunction with `server.close` to reap `keep-alive` connections. Using it won't cause any harm though, and it can be useful to ensure backwards compatibility for libraries and applications that need to support versions older than 19.0.0. Whenever using this in conjunction with `server.close`, calling this after `server.close` is recommended as to avoid race conditions where new connections are created between a call to this and a call to `server.close`.

    const http = require('node:http');

    const server = http.createServer({ keepAliveTimeout: 60000 }, (req, res) => {
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
      res.end(JSON.stringify({
        data: 'Hello World!',
      }));
    });

    server.listen(8000);
    // Close the server after 10 seconds
    setTimeout(() => {
      server.close(() => {
        console.log('server on port 8000 closed successfully');
      });
      // Closes idle connections, such as keep-alive connections. Server will close
      // once remaining active connections are terminated
      server.closeIdleConnections();
    }, 10000);

#### `server.headersTimeout`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v19.4.0, v18.14.0 | The default is now set to the minimum between 60000 (60 seconds) or `requestTimeout`.
v11.3.0, v10.14.0 | Added in: v11.3.0, v10.14.0

- Type: <number> Default: The minimum between `server.requestTimeout` or `60000`.

Limit the amount of time the parser will wait to receive the complete HTTP headers.

If the timeout expires, the server responds with status 408 without forwarding the request to the request listener and then closes the connection.

It must be set to a non-zero value (e.g. 120 seconds) to protect against potential Denial-of-Service attacks in case the server is deployed without a reverse proxy in front.

#### `server.listen()`#

Starts the HTTP server listening for connections. This method is identical to `server.listen()` from `net.Server`.

#### `server.listening`#

Added in: v5.7.0

- Type: <boolean> Indicates whether or not the server is listening for connections.

#### `server.maxHeadersCount`#

Added in: v0.7.0

- Type: <number> Default: `2000`

Limits maximum incoming headers count. If set to 0, no limit will be applied.

#### `server.requestTimeout`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v18.0.0 | The default request timeout changed from no timeout to 300s (5 minutes).
v14.11.0 | Added in: v14.11.0

- Type: <number> Default: `300000`

Sets the timeout value in milliseconds for receiving the entire request from the client.

If the timeout expires, the server responds with status 408 without forwarding the request to the request listener and then closes the connection.

It must be set to a non-zero value (e.g. 120 seconds) to protect against potential Denial-of-Service attacks in case the server is deployed without a reverse proxy in front.

#### `server.setTimeout([msecs][, callback])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v13.0.0 | The default timeout changed from 120s to 0 (no timeout).
v0.9.12 | Added in: v0.9.12

- `msecs` <number> Default: 0 (no timeout)
- `callback` <Function>
- Returns: <http.Server>

Sets the timeout value for sockets, and emits a `'timeout'` event on the Server object, passing the socket as an argument, if a timeout occurs.

If there is a `'timeout'` event listener on the Server object, then it will be called with the timed-out socket as an argument.

By default, the Server does not timeout sockets. However, if a callback is assigned to the Server's `'timeout'` event, timeouts must be handled explicitly.

#### `server.maxRequestsPerSocket`#

Added in: v16.10.0

- Type: <number> Requests per socket. Default: 0 (no limit)

The maximum number of requests socket can handle before closing keep alive connection.

A value of `0` will disable the limit.

When the limit is reached it will set the `Connection` header value to `close`, but will not actually close the connection, subsequent requests sent after the limit is reached will get `503 Service Unavailable` as a response.

#### `server.timeout`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v13.0.0 | The default timeout changed from 120s to 0 (no timeout).
v0.9.12 | Added in: v0.9.12

- Type: <number> Timeout in milliseconds. Default: 0 (no timeout)

The number of milliseconds of inactivity before a socket is presumed to have timed out.

A value of `0` will disable the timeout behavior on incoming connections.

The socket timeout logic is set up on connection, so changing this value only affects new connections to the server, not any existing connections.

#### `server.keepAliveTimeout`#

Added in: v8.0.0

- Type: <number> Timeout in milliseconds. Default: `5000` (5 seconds).

The number of milliseconds of inactivity a server needs to wait for additional incoming data, after it has finished writing the last response, before a socket will be destroyed.

This timeout value is combined with the `server.keepAliveTimeoutBuffer` option to determine the actual socket timeout, calculated as: socketTimeout = keepAliveTimeout + keepAliveTimeoutBuffer If the server receives new data before the keep-alive timeout has fired, it will reset the regular inactivity timeout, i.e., `server.timeout`.

A value of `0` will disable the keep-alive timeout behavior on incoming connections. A value of `0` makes the HTTP server behave similarly to Node.js versions prior to 8.0.0, which did not have a keep-alive timeout.

The socket timeout logic is set up on connection, so changing this value only affects new connections to the server, not any existing connections.

#### `server.keepAliveTimeoutBuffer`#

Added in: v22.19.0

- Type: <number> Timeout in milliseconds. Default: `1000` (1 second).

An additional buffer time added to the `server.keepAliveTimeout` to extend the internal socket timeout.

This buffer helps reduce connection reset (`ECONNRESET`) errors by increasing the socket timeout slightly beyond the advertised keep-alive timeout.

This option applies only to new incoming connections.

#### `server[Symbol.asyncDispose]()`#

Added in: v20.4.0

Stability: 1 - Experimental

Calls `server.close()` and returns a promise that fulfills when the server has closed.

### Class: `http.ServerResponse`#

Added in: v0.1.17

- Extends: <http.OutgoingMessage>

This object is created internally by an HTTP server, not by the user. It is passed as the second parameter to the `'request'` event.

#### Event: `'close'`#

Added in: v0.6.7

Indicates that the response is completed, or its underlying connection was terminated prematurely (before the response completion).

#### Event: `'finish'`#

Added in: v0.3.6

Emitted when the response has been sent. More specifically, this event is emitted when the last segment of the response headers and body have been handed off to the operating system for transmission over the network. It does not imply that the client has received anything yet.

#### `response.addTrailers(headers)`#

Added in: v0.3.0

- `headers` <Object>

This method adds HTTP trailing headers (a header but at the end of the message) to the response.

Trailers will only be emitted if chunked encoding is used for the response; if it is not (e.g. if the request was HTTP/1.0), they will be silently discarded.

HTTP requires the `Trailer` header to be sent in order to emit trailers, with a list of the header fields in its value. E.g.,

    response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'text/plain',
                              'Trailer': 'Content-MD5' });
    response.write(fileData);
    response.addTrailers({ 'Content-MD5': '7895bf4b8828b55ceaf47747b4bca667' });
    response.end();

Attempting to set a header field name or value that contains invalid characters will result in a `TypeError` being thrown.

#### `response.connection`#

Added in: v0.3.0Deprecated since: v13.0.0

Stability: 0 - Deprecated. Use `response.socket`.

- Type: <stream.Duplex>

See `response.socket`.

#### `response.cork()`#

Added in: v13.2.0, v12.16.0

See `writable.cork()`.

#### `response.end([data[, encoding]][, callback])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v15.0.0 | The `data` parameter can now be a `Uint8Array`.
v10.0.0 | This method now returns a reference to `ServerResponse`.
v0.1.90 | Added in: v0.1.90

- `data` <string> | <Buffer> | <Uint8Array>
- `encoding` <string>
- `callback` <Function>
- Returns: <this>

This method signals to the server that all of the response headers and body have been sent; that server should consider this message complete. The method, `response.end()`, MUST be called on each response.

If `data` is specified, it is similar in effect to calling `response.write(data, encoding)` followed by `response.end(callback)`.

If `callback` is specified, it will be called when the response stream is finished.

#### `response.finished`#

Added in: v0.0.2Deprecated since: v13.4.0, v12.16.0

Stability: 0 - Deprecated. Use `response.writableEnded`.

- Type: <boolean>

The `response.finished` property will be `true` if `response.end()` has been called.

#### `response.flushHeaders()`#

Added in: v1.6.0

Flushes the response headers. See also: `request.flushHeaders()`.

#### `response.getHeader(name)`#

Added in: v0.4.0

- `name` <string>
- Returns: <number> | <string> | <string[]> | <undefined>

Reads out a header that's already been queued but not sent to the client. The name is case-insensitive. The type of the return value depends on the arguments provided to `response.setHeader()`.

    response.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/html');
    response.setHeader('Content-Length', Buffer.byteLength(body));
    response.setHeader('Set-Cookie', ['type=ninja', 'language=javascript']);
    const contentType = response.getHeader('content-type');
    // contentType is 'text/html'
    const contentLength = response.getHeader('Content-Length');
    // contentLength is of type number
    const setCookie = response.getHeader('set-cookie');
    // setCookie is of type string[]

#### `response.getHeaderNames()`#

Added in: v7.7.0

- Returns: <string[]>

Returns an array containing the unique names of the current outgoing headers. All header names are lowercase.

    response.setHeader('Foo', 'bar');
    response.setHeader('Set-Cookie', ['foo=bar', 'bar=baz']);

    const headerNames = response.getHeaderNames();
    // headerNames === ['foo', 'set-cookie']

#### `response.getHeaders()`#

Added in: v7.7.0

- Returns: <Object>

Returns a shallow copy of the current outgoing headers. Since a shallow copy is used, array values may be mutated without additional calls to various header-related http module methods. The keys of the returned object are the header names and the values are the respective header values. All header names are lowercase.

The object returned by the `response.getHeaders()` method does not prototypically inherit from the JavaScript `Object`. This means that typical `Object` methods such as `obj.toString()`, `obj.hasOwnProperty()`, and others are not defined and will not work.

    response.setHeader('Foo', 'bar');
    response.setHeader('Set-Cookie', ['foo=bar', 'bar=baz']);

    const headers = response.getHeaders();
    // headers === { foo: 'bar', 'set-cookie': ['foo=bar', 'bar=baz'] }

#### `response.hasHeader(name)`#

Added in: v7.7.0

- `name` <string>
- Returns: <boolean>

Returns `true` if the header identified by `name` is currently set in the outgoing headers. The header name matching is case-insensitive.

    const hasContentType = response.hasHeader('content-type');

#### `response.headersSent`#

Added in: v0.9.3

- Type: <boolean>

Boolean (read-only). True if headers were sent, false otherwise.

#### `response.removeHeader(name)`#

Added in: v0.4.0

- `name` <string>

Removes a header that's queued for implicit sending.

    response.removeHeader('Content-Encoding');

#### `response.req`#

Added in: v15.7.0

- Type: <http.IncomingMessage>

A reference to the original HTTP `request` object.

#### `response.sendDate`#

Added in: v0.7.5

- Type: <boolean>

When true, the Date header will be automatically generated and sent in the response if it is not already present in the headers. Defaults to true.

This should only be disabled for testing; the Date header is required in most HTTP responses (see RFC 9110 Section 6.6.1 for details).

#### `response.setHeader(name, value)`#

Added in: v0.4.0

- `name` <string>
- `value` <number> | <string> | <string[]>
- Returns: <http.ServerResponse>

Returns the response object.

Sets a single header value for implicit headers. If this header already exists in the to-be-sent headers, its value will be replaced. Use an array of strings here to send multiple headers with the same name. Non-string values will be stored without modification. Therefore, `response.getHeader()` may return non-string values. However, the non-string values will be converted to strings for network transmission. The same response object is returned to the caller, to enable call chaining.

    response.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/html');

or

    response.setHeader('Set-Cookie', ['type=ninja', 'language=javascript']);

Attempting to set a header field name or value that contains invalid characters will result in a `TypeError` being thrown.

When headers have been set with `response.setHeader()`, they will be merged with any headers passed to `response.writeHead()`, with the headers passed to `response.writeHead()` given precedence.

    // Returns content-type = text/plain
    const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
      res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/html');
      res.setHeader('X-Foo', 'bar');
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'text/plain' });
      res.end('ok');
    });

If `response.writeHead()` method is called and this method has not been called, it will directly write the supplied header values onto the network channel without caching internally, and the `response.getHeader()` on the header will not yield the expected result. If progressive population of headers is desired with potential future retrieval and modification, use `response.setHeader()` instead of `response.writeHead()`.

#### `response.setTimeout(msecs[, callback])`#

Added in: v0.9.12

- `msecs` <number>
- `callback` <Function>
- Returns: <http.ServerResponse>

Sets the Socket's timeout value to `msecs`. If a callback is provided, then it is added as a listener on the `'timeout'` event on the response object.

If no `'timeout'` listener is added to the request, the response, or the server, then sockets are destroyed when they time out. If a handler is assigned to the request, the response, or the server's `'timeout'` events, timed out sockets must be handled explicitly.

#### `response.socket`#

Added in: v0.3.0

- Type: <stream.Duplex>

Reference to the underlying socket. Usually users will not want to access this property. In particular, the socket will not emit `'readable'` events because of how the protocol parser attaches to the socket. After `response.end()`, the property is nulled.

    import http from 'node:http';
    const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
      const ip = res.socket.remoteAddress;
      const port = res.socket.remotePort;
      res.end(`Your IP address is ${ip} and your source port is ${port}.`);
    }).listen(3000);const http = require('node:http');
    const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
      const ip = res.socket.remoteAddress;
      const port = res.socket.remotePort;
      res.end(`Your IP address is ${ip} and your source port is ${port}.`);
    }).listen(3000);

This property is guaranteed to be an instance of the <net.Socket> class, a subclass of <stream.Duplex>, unless the user specified a socket type other than <net.Socket>.

#### `response.statusCode`#

Added in: v0.4.0

- Type: <number> Default: `200`

When using implicit headers (not calling `response.writeHead()` explicitly), this property controls the status code that will be sent to the client when the headers get flushed.

    response.statusCode = 404;

After response header was sent to the client, this property indicates the status code which was sent out.

#### `response.statusMessage`#

Added in: v0.11.8

- Type: <string>

When using implicit headers (not calling `response.writeHead()` explicitly), this property controls the status message that will be sent to the client when the headers get flushed. If this is left as `undefined` then the standard message for the status code will be used.

    response.statusMessage = 'Not found';

After response header was sent to the client, this property indicates the status message which was sent out.

#### `response.strictContentLength`#

Added in: v18.10.0, v16.18.0

- Type: <boolean> Default: `false`

If set to `true`, Node.js will check whether the `Content-Length` header value and the size of the body, in bytes, are equal. Mismatching the `Content-Length` header value will result in an `Error` being thrown, identified by `code:` `'ERR_HTTP_CONTENT_LENGTH_MISMATCH'`.

#### `response.uncork()`#

Added in: v13.2.0, v12.16.0

See `writable.uncork()`.

#### `response.writableEnded`#

Added in: v12.9.0

- Type: <boolean>

Is `true` after `response.end()` has been called. This property does not indicate whether the data has been flushed, for this use `response.writableFinished` instead.

#### `response.writableFinished`#

Added in: v12.7.0

- Type: <boolean>

Is `true` if all data has been flushed to the underlying system, immediately before the `'finish'` event is emitted.

#### `response.write(chunk[, encoding][, callback])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v15.0.0 | The `chunk` parameter can now be a `Uint8Array`.
v0.1.29 | Added in: v0.1.29

- `chunk` <string> | <Buffer> | <Uint8Array>
- `encoding` <string> Default: `'utf8'`
- `callback` <Function>
- Returns: <boolean>

If this method is called and `response.writeHead()` has not been called, it will switch to implicit header mode and flush the implicit headers.

This sends a chunk of the response body. This method may be called multiple times to provide successive parts of the body.

If `rejectNonStandardBodyWrites` is set to true in `createServer` then writing to the body is not allowed when the request method or response status do not support content. If an attempt is made to write to the body for a HEAD request or as part of a `204` or `304`response, a synchronous `Error` with the code `ERR_HTTP_BODY_NOT_ALLOWED` is thrown.

`chunk` can be a string or a buffer. If `chunk` is a string, the second parameter specifies how to encode it into a byte stream. `callback` will be called when this chunk of data is flushed.

This is the raw HTTP body and has nothing to do with higher-level multi-part body encodings that may be used.

The first time `response.write()` is called, it will send the buffered header information and the first chunk of the body to the client. The second time `response.write()` is called, Node.js assumes data will be streamed, and sends the new data separately. That is, the response is buffered up to the first chunk of the body.

Returns `true` if the entire data was flushed successfully to the kernel buffer. Returns `false` if all or part of the data was queued in user memory. `'drain'` will be emitted when the buffer is free again.

#### `response.writeContinue()`#

Added in: v0.3.0

Sends an HTTP/1.1 100 Continue message to the client, indicating that the request body should be sent. See the `'checkContinue'` event on `Server`.

#### `response.writeEarlyHints(hints[, callback])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v18.11.0 | Allow passing hints as an object.
v18.11.0 | Added in: v18.11.0

- `hints` <Object>
- `callback` <Function>

Sends an HTTP/1.1 103 Early Hints message to the client with a Link header, indicating that the user agent can preload/preconnect the linked resources. The `hints` is an object containing the values of headers to be sent with early hints message. The optional `callback` argument will be called when the response message has been written.

Example

    const earlyHintsLink = '</styles.css>; rel=preload; as=style';
    response.writeEarlyHints({
      'link': earlyHintsLink,
    });

    const earlyHintsLinks = [
      '</styles.css>; rel=preload; as=style',
      '</scripts.js>; rel=preload; as=script',
    ];
    response.writeEarlyHints({
      'link': earlyHintsLinks,
      'x-trace-id': 'id for diagnostics',
    });

    const earlyHintsCallback = () => console.log('early hints message sent');
    response.writeEarlyHints({
      'link': earlyHintsLinks,
    }, earlyHintsCallback);

#### `response.writeHead(statusCode[, statusMessage][, headers])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v14.14.0 | Allow passing headers as an array.
v11.10.0, v10.17.0 | Return `this` from `writeHead()` to allow chaining with `end()`.
v5.11.0, v4.4.5 | A `RangeError` is thrown if `statusCode` is not a number in the range `[100, 999]`.
v0.1.30 | Added in: v0.1.30

- `statusCode` <number>
- `statusMessage` <string>
- `headers` <Object> | <Array>
- Returns: <http.ServerResponse>

Sends a response header to the request. The status code is a 3-digit HTTP status code, like `404`. The last argument, `headers`, are the response headers. Optionally one can give a human-readable `statusMessage` as the second argument.

`headers` may be an `Array` where the keys and values are in the same list. It is not a list of tuples. So, the even-numbered offsets are key values, and the odd-numbered offsets are the associated values. The array is in the same format as `request.rawHeaders`.

Returns a reference to the `ServerResponse`, so that calls can be chained.

    const body = 'hello world';
    response
      .writeHead(200, {
        'Content-Length': Buffer.byteLength(body),
        'Content-Type': 'text/plain',
      })
      .end(body);

This method must only be called once on a message and it must be called before `response.end()` is called.

If `response.write()` or `response.end()` are called before calling this, the implicit/mutable headers will be calculated and call this function.

When headers have been set with `response.setHeader()`, they will be merged with any headers passed to `response.writeHead()`, with the headers passed to `response.writeHead()` given precedence.

If this method is called and `response.setHeader()` has not been called, it will directly write the supplied header values onto the network channel without caching internally, and the `response.getHeader()` on the header will not yield the expected result. If progressive population of headers is desired with potential future retrieval and modification, use `response.setHeader()` instead.

    // Returns content-type = text/plain
    const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
      res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/html');
      res.setHeader('X-Foo', 'bar');
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'text/plain' });
      res.end('ok');
    });

`Content-Length` is read in bytes, not characters. Use `Buffer.byteLength()` to determine the length of the body in bytes. Node.js will check whether `Content-Length` and the length of the body which has been transmitted are equal or not.

Attempting to set a header field name or value that contains invalid characters will result in a `TypeError` being thrown.

#### `response.writeProcessing()`#

Added in: v10.0.0

Sends a HTTP/1.1 102 Processing message to the client, indicating that the request body should be sent.

### Class: `http.IncomingMessage`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v15.5.0 | The `destroyed` value returns `true` after the incoming data is consumed.
v13.1.0, v12.16.0 | The `readableHighWaterMark` value mirrors that of the socket.
v0.1.17 | Added in: v0.1.17

- Extends: <stream.Readable>

An `IncomingMessage` object is created by `http.Server` or `http.ClientRequest` and passed as the first argument to the `'request'` and `'response'` event respectively. It may be used to access response status, headers, and data.

Different from its `socket` value which is a subclass of <stream.Duplex>, the `IncomingMessage` itself extends <stream.Readable> and is created separately to parse and emit the incoming HTTP headers and payload, as the underlying socket may be reused multiple times in case of keep-alive.

#### Event: `'aborted'`#

Added in: v0.3.8Deprecated since: v17.0.0, v16.12.0

Stability: 0 - Deprecated. Listen for `'close'` event instead.

Emitted when the request has been aborted.

#### Event: `'close'`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v16.0.0 | The close event is now emitted when the request has been completed and not when the underlying socket is closed.
v0.4.2 | Added in: v0.4.2

Emitted when the request has been completed.

#### `message.aborted`#

Added in: v10.1.0Deprecated since: v17.0.0, v16.12.0

Stability: 0 - Deprecated. Check `message.destroyed` from <stream.Readable>.

- Type: <boolean>

The `message.aborted` property will be `true` if the request has been aborted.

#### `message.complete`#

Added in: v0.3.0

- Type: <boolean>

The `message.complete` property will be `true` if a complete HTTP message has been received and successfully parsed.

This property is particularly useful as a means of determining if a client or server fully transmitted a message before a connection was terminated:

    const req = http.request({
      host: '127.0.0.1',
      port: 8080,
      method: 'POST',
    }, (res) => {
      res.resume();
      res.on('end', () => {
        if (!res.complete)
          console.error(
            'The connection was terminated while the message was still being sent');
      });
    });

#### `message.connection`#

Added in: v0.1.90Deprecated since: v16.0.0

Stability: 0 - Deprecated. Use `message.socket`.

Alias for `message.socket`.

#### `message.destroy([error])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v14.5.0, v12.19.0 | The function returns `this` for consistency with other Readable streams.
v0.3.0 | Added in: v0.3.0

- `error` <Error>
- Returns: <this>

Calls `destroy()` on the socket that received the `IncomingMessage`. If `error` is provided, an `'error'` event is emitted on the socket and `error` is passed as an argument to any listeners on the event.

#### `message.headers`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v19.5.0, v18.14.0 | The `joinDuplicateHeaders` option in the `http.request()` and `http.createServer()` functions ensures that duplicate headers are not discarded, but rather combined using a comma separator, in accordance with RFC 9110 Section 5.3.
v15.1.0 | `message.headers` is now lazily computed using an accessor property on the prototype and is no longer enumerable.
v0.1.5 | Added in: v0.1.5

- Type: <Object>

The request/response headers object.

Key-value pairs of header names and values. Header names are lower-cased.

    // Prints something like:
    //
    // { 'user-agent': 'curl/7.22.0',
    //   host: '127.0.0.1:8000',
    //   accept: '*/*' }
    console.log(request.headers);

Duplicates in raw headers are handled in the following ways, depending on the header name:

- Duplicates of `age`, `authorization`, `content-length`, `content-type`, `etag`, `expires`, `from`, `host`, `if-modified-since`, `if-unmodified-since`, `last-modified`, `location`, `max-forwards`, `proxy-authorization`, `referer`, `retry-after`, `server`, or `user-agent` are discarded. To allow duplicate values of the headers listed above to be joined, use the option `joinDuplicateHeaders` in `http.request()` and `http.createServer()`. See RFC 9110 Section 5.3 for more information.
- `set-cookie` is always an array. Duplicates are added to the array.
- For duplicate `cookie` headers, the values are joined together with `;` .
- For all other headers, the values are joined together with `,` .

#### `message.headersDistinct`#

Added in: v18.3.0, v16.17.0

- Type: <Object>

Similar to `message.headers`, but there is no join logic and the values are always arrays of strings, even for headers received just once.

    // Prints something like:
    //
    // { 'user-agent': ['curl/7.22.0'],
    //   host: ['127.0.0.1:8000'],
    //   accept: ['*/*'] }
    console.log(request.headersDistinct);

#### `message.httpVersion`#

Added in: v0.1.1

- Type: <string>

In case of server request, the HTTP version sent by the client. In the case of client response, the HTTP version of the connected-to server. Probably either `'1.1'` or `'1.0'`.

Also `message.httpVersionMajor` is the first integer and `message.httpVersionMinor` is the second.

#### `message.method`#

Added in: v0.1.1

- Type: <string>

Only valid for request obtained from `http.Server`.

The request method as a string. Read only. Examples: `'GET'`, `'DELETE'`.

#### `message.rawHeaders`#

Added in: v0.11.6

- Type: <string[]>

The raw request/response headers list exactly as they were received.

The keys and values are in the same list. It is not a list of tuples. So, the even-numbered offsets are key values, and the odd-numbered offsets are the associated values.

Header names are not lowercased, and duplicates are not merged.

    // Prints something like:
    //
    // [ 'user-agent',
    //   'this is invalid because there can be only one',
    //   'User-Agent',
    //   'curl/7.22.0',
    //   'Host',
    //   '127.0.0.1:8000',
    //   'ACCEPT',
    //   '*/*' ]
    console.log(request.rawHeaders);

#### `message.rawTrailers`#

Added in: v0.11.6

- Type: <string[]>

The raw request/response trailer keys and values exactly as they were received. Only populated at the `'end'` event.

#### `message.setTimeout(msecs[, callback])`#

Added in: v0.5.9

- `msecs` <number>
- `callback` <Function>
- Returns: <http.IncomingMessage>

Calls `message.socket.setTimeout(msecs, callback)`.

#### `message.socket`#

Added in: v0.3.0

- Type: <stream.Duplex>

The `net.Socket` object associated with the connection.

With HTTPS support, use `request.socket.getPeerCertificate()` to obtain the client's authentication details.

This property is guaranteed to be an instance of the <net.Socket> class, a subclass of <stream.Duplex>, unless the user specified a socket type other than <net.Socket> or internally nulled.

#### `message.statusCode`#

Added in: v0.1.1

- Type: <number>

Only valid for response obtained from `http.ClientRequest`.

The 3-digit HTTP response status code. E.G. `404`.

#### `message.statusMessage`#

Added in: v0.11.10

- Type: <string>

Only valid for response obtained from `http.ClientRequest`.

The HTTP response status message (reason phrase). E.G. `OK` or `Internal Server Error`.

#### `message.trailers`#

Added in: v0.3.0

- Type: <Object>

The request/response trailers object. Only populated at the `'end'` event.

#### `message.trailersDistinct`#

Added in: v18.3.0, v16.17.0

- Type: <Object>

Similar to `message.trailers`, but there is no join logic and the values are always arrays of strings, even for headers received just once. Only populated at the `'end'` event.

#### `message.url`#

Added in: v0.1.90

- Type: <string>

Only valid for request obtained from `http.Server`.

Request URL string. This contains only the URL that is present in the actual HTTP request. Take the following request:

    GET /status?name=ryan HTTP/1.1
    Accept: text/plain

To parse the URL into its parts:

    new URL(`http://${process.env.HOST ?? 'localhost'}${request.url}`);

When `request.url` is `'/status?name=ryan'` and `process.env.HOST` is undefined:

    $ node
    > new URL(`http://${process.env.HOST ?? 'localhost'}${request.url}`);
    URL {
      href: 'http://localhost/status?name=ryan',
      origin: 'http://localhost',
      protocol: 'http:',
      username: '',
      password: '',
      host: 'localhost',
      hostname: 'localhost',
      port: '',
      pathname: '/status',
      search: '?name=ryan',
      searchParams: URLSearchParams { 'name' => 'ryan' },
      hash: ''
    }

Ensure that you set `process.env.HOST` to the server's host name, or consider replacing this part entirely. If using `req.headers.host`, ensure proper validation is used, as clients may specify a custom `Host` header.

### Class: `http.OutgoingMessage`#

Added in: v0.1.17

- Extends: <Stream>

This class serves as the parent class of `http.ClientRequest` and `http.ServerResponse`. It is an abstract outgoing message from the perspective of the participants of an HTTP transaction.

#### Event: `'drain'`#

Added in: v0.3.6

Emitted when the buffer of the message is free again.

#### Event: `'finish'`#

Added in: v0.1.17

Emitted when the transmission is finished successfully.

#### Event: `'prefinish'`#

Added in: v0.11.6

Emitted after `outgoingMessage.end()` is called. When the event is emitted, all data has been processed but not necessarily completely flushed.

#### `outgoingMessage.addTrailers(headers)`#

Added in: v0.3.0

- `headers` <Object>

Adds HTTP trailers (headers but at the end of the message) to the message.

Trailers will only be emitted if the message is chunked encoded. If not, the trailers will be silently discarded.

HTTP requires the `Trailer` header to be sent to emit trailers, with a list of header field names in its value, e.g.

    message.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'text/plain',
                             'Trailer': 'Content-MD5' });
    message.write(fileData);
    message.addTrailers({ 'Content-MD5': '7895bf4b8828b55ceaf47747b4bca667' });
    message.end();

Attempting to set a header field name or value that contains invalid characters will result in a `TypeError` being thrown.

#### `outgoingMessage.appendHeader(name, value)`#

Added in: v18.3.0, v16.17.0

- `name` <string> Header name
- `value` <string> | <string[]> Header value
- Returns: <this>

Append a single header value to the header object.

If the value is an array, this is equivalent to calling this method multiple times.

If there were no previous values for the header, this is equivalent to calling `outgoingMessage.setHeader(name, value)`.

Depending of the value of `options.uniqueHeaders` when the client request or the server were created, this will end up in the header being sent multiple times or a single time with values joined using `;` .

#### `outgoingMessage.connection`#

Added in: v0.3.0Deprecated since: v15.12.0, v14.17.1

Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use `outgoingMessage.socket` instead.

Alias of `outgoingMessage.socket`.

#### `outgoingMessage.cork()`#

Added in: v13.2.0, v12.16.0

See `writable.cork()`.

#### `outgoingMessage.destroy([error])`#

Added in: v0.3.0

- `error` <Error> Optional, an error to emit with `error` event
- Returns: <this>

Destroys the message. Once a socket is associated with the message and is connected, that socket will be destroyed as well.

#### `outgoingMessage.end(chunk[, encoding][, callback])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v15.0.0 | The `chunk` parameter can now be a `Uint8Array`.
v0.11.6 | add `callback` argument.
v0.1.90 | Added in: v0.1.90

- `chunk` <string> | <Buffer> | <Uint8Array>
- `encoding` <string> Optional, Default: `utf8`
- `callback` <Function> Optional
- Returns: <this>

Finishes the outgoing message. If any parts of the body are unsent, it will flush them to the underlying system. If the message is chunked, it will send the terminating chunk `0\r\n\r\n`, and send the trailers (if any).

If `chunk` is specified, it is equivalent to calling `outgoingMessage.write(chunk, encoding)`, followed by `outgoingMessage.end(callback)`.

If `callback` is provided, it will be called when the message is finished (equivalent to a listener of the `'finish'` event).

#### `outgoingMessage.flushHeaders()`#

Added in: v1.6.0

Flushes the message headers.

For efficiency reason, Node.js normally buffers the message headers until `outgoingMessage.end()` is called or the first chunk of message data is written. It then tries to pack the headers and data into a single TCP packet.

It is usually desired (it saves a TCP round-trip), but not when the first data is not sent until possibly much later. `outgoingMessage.flushHeaders()` bypasses the optimization and kickstarts the message.

#### `outgoingMessage.getHeader(name)`#

Added in: v0.4.0

- `name` <string> Name of header
- Returns: <number> | <string> | <string[]> | <undefined>

Gets the value of the HTTP header with the given name. If that header is not set, the returned value will be `undefined`.

#### `outgoingMessage.getHeaderNames()`#

Added in: v7.7.0

- Returns: <string[]>

Returns an array containing the unique names of the current outgoing headers. All names are lowercase.

#### `outgoingMessage.getHeaders()`#

Added in: v7.7.0

- Returns: <Object>

Returns a shallow copy of the current outgoing headers. Since a shallow copy is used, array values may be mutated without additional calls to various header-related HTTP module methods. The keys of the returned object are the header names and the values are the respective header values. All header names are lowercase.

The object returned by the `outgoingMessage.getHeaders()` method does not prototypically inherit from the JavaScript `Object`. This means that typical `Object` methods such as `obj.toString()`, `obj.hasOwnProperty()`, and others are not defined and will not work.

    outgoingMessage.setHeader('Foo', 'bar');
    outgoingMessage.setHeader('Set-Cookie', ['foo=bar', 'bar=baz']);

    const headers = outgoingMessage.getHeaders();
    // headers === { foo: 'bar', 'set-cookie': ['foo=bar', 'bar=baz'] }

#### `outgoingMessage.hasHeader(name)`#

Added in: v7.7.0

- `name` <string>
- Returns: <boolean>

Returns `true` if the header identified by `name` is currently set in the outgoing headers. The header name is case-insensitive.

    const hasContentType = outgoingMessage.hasHeader('content-type');

#### `outgoingMessage.headersSent`#

Added in: v0.9.3

- Type: <boolean>

Read-only. `true` if the headers were sent, otherwise `false`.

#### `outgoingMessage.pipe()`#

Added in: v9.0.0

Overrides the `stream.pipe()` method inherited from the legacy `Stream` class which is the parent class of `http.OutgoingMessage`.

Calling this method will throw an `Error` because `outgoingMessage` is a write-only stream.

#### `outgoingMessage.removeHeader(name)`#

Added in: v0.4.0

- `name` <string> Header name

Removes a header that is queued for implicit sending.

    outgoingMessage.removeHeader('Content-Encoding');

#### `outgoingMessage.setHeader(name, value)`#

Added in: v0.4.0

- `name` <string> Header name
- `value` <number> | <string> | <string[]> Header value
- Returns: <this>

Sets a single header value. If the header already exists in the to-be-sent headers, its value will be replaced. Use an array of strings to send multiple headers with the same name.

#### `outgoingMessage.setHeaders(headers)`#

Added in: v19.6.0, v18.15.0

- `headers` <Headers> | <Map>
- Returns: <this>

Sets multiple header values for implicit headers. `headers` must be an instance of `Headers` or `Map`, if a header already exists in the to-be-sent headers, its value will be replaced.

    const headers = new Headers({ foo: 'bar' });
    outgoingMessage.setHeaders(headers);

or

    const headers = new Map([['foo', 'bar']]);
    outgoingMessage.setHeaders(headers);

When headers have been set with `outgoingMessage.setHeaders()`, they will be merged with any headers passed to `response.writeHead()`, with the headers passed to `response.writeHead()` given precedence.

    // Returns content-type = text/plain
    const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
      const headers = new Headers({ 'Content-Type': 'text/html' });
      res.setHeaders(headers);
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'text/plain' });
      res.end('ok');
    });

#### `outgoingMessage.setTimeout(msecs[, callback])`#

Added in: v0.9.12

- `msecs` <number>
- `callback` <Function> Optional function to be called when a timeout occurs. Same as binding to the `timeout` event.
- Returns: <this>

Once a socket is associated with the message and is connected, `socket.setTimeout()` will be called with `msecs` as the first parameter.

#### `outgoingMessage.socket`#

Added in: v0.3.0

- Type: <stream.Duplex>

Reference to the underlying socket. Usually, users will not want to access this property.

After calling `outgoingMessage.end()`, this property will be nulled.

#### `outgoingMessage.uncork()`#

Added in: v13.2.0, v12.16.0

See `writable.uncork()`

#### `outgoingMessage.writableCorked`#

Added in: v13.2.0, v12.16.0

- Type: <number>

The number of times `outgoingMessage.cork()` has been called.

#### `outgoingMessage.writableEnded`#

Added in: v12.9.0

- Type: <boolean>

Is `true` if `outgoingMessage.end()` has been called. This property does not indicate whether the data has been flushed. For that purpose, use `message.writableFinished` instead.

#### `outgoingMessage.writableFinished`#

Added in: v12.7.0

- Type: <boolean>

Is `true` if all data has been flushed to the underlying system.

#### `outgoingMessage.writableHighWaterMark`#

Added in: v12.9.0

- Type: <number>

The `highWaterMark` of the underlying socket if assigned. Otherwise, the default buffer level when `writable.write()` starts returning false (`16384`).

#### `outgoingMessage.writableLength`#

Added in: v12.9.0

- Type: <number>

The number of buffered bytes.

#### `outgoingMessage.writableObjectMode`#

Added in: v12.9.0

- Type: <boolean>

Always `false`.

#### `outgoingMessage.write(chunk[, encoding][, callback])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v15.0.0 | The `chunk` parameter can now be a `Uint8Array`.
v0.11.6 | The `callback` argument was added.
v0.1.29 | Added in: v0.1.29

- `chunk` <string> | <Buffer> | <Uint8Array>
- `encoding` <string> Default: `utf8`
- `callback` <Function>
- Returns: <boolean>

Sends a chunk of the body. This method can be called multiple times.

The `encoding` argument is only relevant when `chunk` is a string. Defaults to `'utf8'`.

The `callback` argument is optional and will be called when this chunk of data is flushed.

Returns `true` if the entire data was flushed successfully to the kernel buffer. Returns `false` if all or part of the data was queued in the user memory. The `'drain'` event will be emitted when the buffer is free again.

### `http.METHODS`#

Added in: v0.11.8

- Type: <string[]>

A list of the HTTP methods that are supported by the parser.

### `http.STATUS_CODES`#

Added in: v0.1.22

- Type: <Object>

A collection of all the standard HTTP response status codes, and the short description of each. For example, `http.STATUS_CODES[404] === 'Not Found'`.

### `http.createServer([options][, requestListener])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v22.21.0 | The `shouldUpgradeCallback` option is now supported.
v20.1.0, v18.17.0 | The `highWaterMark` option is supported now.
v18.0.0 | The `requestTimeout`, `headersTimeout`, `keepAliveTimeout`, and `connectionsCheckingInterval` options are supported now.
v18.0.0 | The `noDelay` option now defaults to `true`.
v17.7.0, v16.15.0 | The `noDelay`, `keepAlive` and `keepAliveInitialDelay` options are supported now.
v13.3.0 | The `maxHeaderSize` option is supported now.
v13.8.0, v12.15.0, v10.19.0 | The `insecureHTTPParser` option is supported now.
v9.6.0, v8.12.0 | The `options` argument is supported now.
v0.1.13 | Added in: v0.1.13

- `options` <Object>

  - `connectionsCheckingInterval`: Sets the interval value in milliseconds to check for request and headers timeout in incomplete requests. Default: `30000`.
  - `headersTimeout`: Sets the timeout value in milliseconds for receiving the complete HTTP headers from the client. See `server.headersTimeout` for more information. Default: `60000`.
  - `highWaterMark` <number> Optionally overrides all `socket`s' `readableHighWaterMark` and `writableHighWaterMark`. This affects `highWaterMark` property of both `IncomingMessage` and `ServerResponse`. Default: See `stream.getDefaultHighWaterMark()`.
  - `insecureHTTPParser` <boolean> If set to `true`, it will use a HTTP parser with leniency flags enabled. Using the insecure parser should be avoided. See `--insecure-http-parser` for more information. Default: `false`.
  - `IncomingMessage` <http.IncomingMessage> Specifies the `IncomingMessage` class to be used. Useful for extending the original `IncomingMessage`. Default: `IncomingMessage`.
  - `joinDuplicateHeaders` <boolean> If set to `true`, this option allows joining the field line values of multiple headers in a request with a comma (`,` ) instead of discarding the duplicates. For more information, refer to `message.headers`. Default: `false`.
  - `keepAlive` <boolean> If set to `true`, it enables keep-alive functionality on the socket immediately after a new incoming connection is received, similarly on what is done in [`socket.setKeepAlive([enable][, initialDelay])`][`socket.setKeepAlive(enable, initialDelay)`]. Default: `false`.
  - `keepAliveInitialDelay` <number> If set to a positive number, it sets the initial delay before the first keepalive probe is sent on an idle socket. Default: `0`.
  - `keepAliveTimeout`: The number of milliseconds of inactivity a server needs to wait for additional incoming data, after it has finished writing the last response, before a socket will be destroyed. See `server.keepAliveTimeout` for more information. Default: `5000`.
  - `maxHeaderSize` <number> Optionally overrides the value of `--max-http-header-size` for requests received by this server, i.e. the maximum length of request headers in bytes. Default: 16384 (16 KiB).
  - `noDelay` <boolean> If set to `true`, it disables the use of Nagle's algorithm immediately after a new incoming connection is received. Default: `true`.
  - `requestTimeout`: Sets the timeout value in milliseconds for receiving the entire request from the client. See `server.requestTimeout` for more information. Default: `300000`.
  - `requireHostHeader` <boolean> If set to `true`, it forces the server to respond with a 400 (Bad Request) status code to any HTTP/1.1 request message that lacks a Host header (as mandated by the specification). Default: `true`.
  - `ServerResponse` <http.ServerResponse> Specifies the `ServerResponse` class to be used. Useful for extending the original `ServerResponse`. Default: `ServerResponse`.
  - `shouldUpgradeCallback(request)` <Function> A callback which receives an incoming request and returns a boolean, to control which upgrade attempts should be accepted. Accepted upgrades will fire an `'upgrade'` event (or their sockets will be destroyed, if no listener is registered) while rejected upgrades will fire a `'request'` event like any non-upgrade request. This options defaults to `() => server.listenerCount('upgrade') > 0`.
  - `uniqueHeaders` <Array> A list of response headers that should be sent only once. If the header's value is an array, the items will be joined using `;` .
  - `rejectNonStandardBodyWrites` <boolean> If set to `true`, an error is thrown when writing to an HTTP response which does not have a body. Default: `false`.

- `requestListener` <Function>

- Returns: <http.Server>

Returns a new instance of `http.Server`.

The `requestListener` is a function which is automatically added to the `'request'` event.

    import http from 'node:http';

    // Create a local server to receive data from
    const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
      res.end(JSON.stringify({
        data: 'Hello World!',
      }));
    });

    server.listen(8000);const http = require('node:http');

    // Create a local server to receive data from
    const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
      res.end(JSON.stringify({
        data: 'Hello World!',
      }));
    });

    server.listen(8000);

    import http from 'node:http';

    // Create a local server to receive data from
    const server = http.createServer();

    // Listen to the request event
    server.on('request', (request, res) => {
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
      res.end(JSON.stringify({
        data: 'Hello World!',
      }));
    });

    server.listen(8000);const http = require('node:http');

    // Create a local server to receive data from
    const server = http.createServer();

    // Listen to the request event
    server.on('request', (request, res) => {
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
      res.end(JSON.stringify({
        data: 'Hello World!',
      }));
    });

    server.listen(8000);

### `http.get(options[, callback])`#

### `http.get(url[, options][, callback])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v10.9.0 | The `url` parameter can now be passed along with a separate `options` object.
v7.5.0 | The `options` parameter can be a WHATWG `URL` object.
v0.3.6 | Added in: v0.3.6

- `url` <string> | <URL>
- `options` <Object> Accepts the same `options` as `http.request()`, with the method set to GET by default.
- `callback` <Function>
- Returns: <http.ClientRequest>

Since most requests are GET requests without bodies, Node.js provides this convenience method. The only difference between this method and `http.request()` is that it sets the method to GET by default and calls `req.end()` automatically. The callback must take care to consume the response data for reasons stated in `http.ClientRequest` section.

The `callback` is invoked with a single argument that is an instance of `http.IncomingMessage`.

JSON fetching example:

    http.get('http://localhost:8000/', (res) => {
      const { statusCode } = res;
      const contentType = res.headers['content-type'];

      let error;
      // Any 2xx status code signals a successful response but
      // here we're only checking for 200.
      if (statusCode !== 200) {
        error = new Error('Request Failed.\n' +
                          `Status Code: ${statusCode}`);
      } else if (!/^application\/json/.test(contentType)) {
        error = new Error('Invalid content-type.\n' +
                          `Expected application/json but received ${contentType}`);
      }
      if (error) {
        console.error(error.message);
        // Consume response data to free up memory
        res.resume();
        return;
      }

      res.setEncoding('utf8');
      let rawData = '';
      res.on('data', (chunk) => { rawData += chunk; });
      res.on('end', () => {
        try {
          const parsedData = JSON.parse(rawData);
          console.log(parsedData);
        } catch (e) {
          console.error(e.message);
        }
      });
    }).on('error', (e) => {
      console.error(`Got error: ${e.message}`);
    });

    // Create a local server to receive data from
    const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
      res.end(JSON.stringify({
        data: 'Hello World!',
      }));
    });

    server.listen(8000);

### `http.globalAgent`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v19.0.0 | The agent now uses HTTP Keep-Alive and a 5 second timeout by default.
v0.5.9 | Added in: v0.5.9

- Type: <http.Agent>

Global instance of `Agent` which is used as the default for all HTTP client requests. Diverges from a default `Agent` configuration by having `keepAlive` enabled and a `timeout` of 5 seconds.

### `http.maxHeaderSize`#

Added in: v11.6.0, v10.15.0

- Type: <number>

Read-only property specifying the maximum allowed size of HTTP headers in bytes. Defaults to 16 KiB. Configurable using the `--max-http-header-size` CLI option.

This can be overridden for servers and client requests by passing the `maxHeaderSize` option.

### `http.request(options[, callback])`#

### `http.request(url[, options][, callback])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v16.7.0, v14.18.0 | When using a `URL` object parsed username and password will now be properly URI decoded.
v15.3.0, v14.17.0 | It is possible to abort a request with an AbortSignal.
v13.3.0 | The `maxHeaderSize` option is supported now.
v13.8.0, v12.15.0, v10.19.0 | The `insecureHTTPParser` option is supported now.
v10.9.0 | The `url` parameter can now be passed along with a separate `options` object.
v7.5.0 | The `options` parameter can be a WHATWG `URL` object.
v0.3.6 | Added in: v0.3.6

- `url` <string> | <URL>
- `options` <Object>
  - `agent` <http.Agent> | <boolean> Controls `Agent` behavior. Possible values:
    - `undefined` (default): use `http.globalAgent` for this host and port.
    - `Agent` object: explicitly use the passed in `Agent`.
    - `false`: causes a new `Agent` with default values to be used.
  - `auth` <string> Basic authentication (`'user:password'`) to compute an Authorization header.
  - `createConnection` <Function> A function that produces a socket/stream to use for the request when the `agent` option is not used. This can be used to avoid creating a custom `Agent` class just to override the default `createConnection` function. See `agent.createConnection()` for more details. Any `Duplex` stream is a valid return value.
  - `defaultPort` <number> Default port for the protocol. Default: `agent.defaultPort` if an `Agent` is used, else `undefined`.
  - `family` <number> IP address family to use when resolving `host` or `hostname`. Valid values are `4` or `6`. When unspecified, both IP v4 and v6 will be used.
  - `headers` <Object> | <Array> An object or an array of strings containing request headers. The array is in the same format as `message.rawHeaders`.
  - `hints` <number> Optional `dns.lookup()` hints.
  - `host` <string> A domain name or IP address of the server to issue the request to. Default: `'localhost'`.
  - `hostname` <string> Alias for `host`. To support `url.parse()`, `hostname` will be used if both `host` and `hostname` are specified.
  - `insecureHTTPParser` <boolean> If set to `true`, it will use a HTTP parser with leniency flags enabled. Using the insecure parser should be avoided. See `--insecure-http-parser` for more information. Default: `false`
  - `joinDuplicateHeaders` <boolean> It joins the field line values of multiple headers in a request with `,` instead of discarding the duplicates. See `message.headers` for more information. Default: `false`.
  - `localAddress` <string> Local interface to bind for network connections.
  - `localPort` <number> Local port to connect from.
  - `lookup` <Function> Custom lookup function. Default: `dns.lookup()`.
  - `maxHeaderSize` <number> Optionally overrides the value of `--max-http-header-size` (the maximum length of response headers in bytes) for responses received from the server. Default: 16384 (16 KiB).
  - `method` <string> A string specifying the HTTP request method. Default: `'GET'`.
  - `path` <string> Request path. Should include query string if any. E.G. `'/index.html?page=12'`. An exception is thrown when the request path contains illegal characters. Currently, only spaces are rejected but that may change in the future. Default: `'/'`.
  - `port` <number> Port of remote server. Default: `defaultPort` if set, else `80`.
  - `protocol` <string> Protocol to use. Default: `'http:'`.
  - `setDefaultHeaders` <boolean>: Specifies whether or not to automatically add default headers such as `Connection`, `Content-Length`, `Transfer-Encoding`, and `Host`. If set to `false` then all necessary headers must be added manually. Defaults to `true`.
  - `setHost` <boolean>: Specifies whether or not to automatically add the `Host` header. If provided, this overrides `setDefaultHeaders`. Defaults to `true`.
  - `signal` <AbortSignal>: An AbortSignal that may be used to abort an ongoing request.
  - `socketPath` <string> Unix domain socket. Cannot be used if one of `host` or `port` is specified, as those specify a TCP Socket.
  - `timeout` <number>: A number specifying the socket timeout in milliseconds. This will set the timeout before the socket is connected.
  - `uniqueHeaders` <Array> A list of request headers that should be sent only once. If the header's value is an array, the items will be joined using `;` .
- `callback` <Function>
- Returns: <http.ClientRequest>

`options` in `socket.connect()` are also supported.

Node.js maintains several connections per server to make HTTP requests. This function allows one to transparently issue requests.

`url` can be a string or a `URL` object. If `url` is a string, it is automatically parsed with `new URL()`. If it is a `URL` object, it will be automatically converted to an ordinary `options` object.

If both `url` and `options` are specified, the objects are merged, with the `options` properties taking precedence.

The optional `callback` parameter will be added as a one-time listener for the `'response'` event.

`http.request()` returns an instance of the `http.ClientRequest` class. The `ClientRequest` instance is a writable stream. If one needs to upload a file with a POST request, then write to the `ClientRequest` object.

    import http from 'node:http';
    import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';

    const postData = JSON.stringify({
      'msg': 'Hello World!',
    });

    const options = {
      hostname: 'www.google.com',
      port: 80,
      path: '/upload',
      method: 'POST',
      headers: {
        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
        'Content-Length': Buffer.byteLength(postData),
      },
    };

    const req = http.request(options, (res) => {
      console.log(`STATUS: ${res.statusCode}`);
      console.log(`HEADERS: ${JSON.stringify(res.headers)}`);
      res.setEncoding('utf8');
      res.on('data', (chunk) => {
        console.log(`BODY: ${chunk}`);
      });
      res.on('end', () => {
        console.log('No more data in response.');
      });
    });

    req.on('error', (e) => {
      console.error(`problem with request: ${e.message}`);
    });

    // Write data to request body
    req.write(postData);
    req.end();const http = require('node:http');

    const postData = JSON.stringify({
      'msg': 'Hello World!',
    });

    const options = {
      hostname: 'www.google.com',
      port: 80,
      path: '/upload',
      method: 'POST',
      headers: {
        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
        'Content-Length': Buffer.byteLength(postData),
      },
    };

    const req = http.request(options, (res) => {
      console.log(`STATUS: ${res.statusCode}`);
      console.log(`HEADERS: ${JSON.stringify(res.headers)}`);
      res.setEncoding('utf8');
      res.on('data', (chunk) => {
        console.log(`BODY: ${chunk}`);
      });
      res.on('end', () => {
        console.log('No more data in response.');
      });
    });

    req.on('error', (e) => {
      console.error(`problem with request: ${e.message}`);
    });

    // Write data to request body
    req.write(postData);
    req.end();

In the example `req.end()` was called. With `http.request()` one must always call `req.end()` to signify the end of the request - even if there is no data being written to the request body.

If any error is encountered during the request (be that with DNS resolution, TCP level errors, or actual HTTP parse errors) an `'error'` event is emitted on the returned request object. As with all `'error'` events, if no listeners are registered the error will be thrown.

There are a few special headers that should be noted.

- Sending a 'Connection: keep-alive' will notify Node.js that the connection to the server should be persisted until the next request.

- Sending a 'Content-Length' header will disable the default chunked encoding.

- Sending an 'Expect' header will immediately send the request headers. Usually, when sending 'Expect: 100-continue', both a timeout and a listener for the `'continue'` event should be set. See RFC 2616 Section 8.2.3 for more information.

- Sending an Authorization header will override using the `auth` option to compute basic authentication.

Example using a `URL` as `options`:

    const options = new URL('http://abc:xyz@example.com');

    const req = http.request(options, (res) => {
      // ...
    });

In a successful request, the following events will be emitted in the following order:

- `'socket'`
- `'response'`
  - `'data'` any number of times, on the `res` object (`'data'` will not be emitted at all if the response body is empty, for instance, in most redirects)
  - `'end'` on the `res` object
- `'close'`

In the case of a connection error, the following events will be emitted:

- `'socket'`
- `'error'`
- `'close'`

In the case of a premature connection close before the response is received, the following events will be emitted in the following order:

- `'socket'`
- `'error'` with an error with message `'Error: socket hang up'` and code `'ECONNRESET'`
- `'close'`

In the case of a premature connection close after the response is received, the following events will be emitted in the following order:

- `'socket'`
- `'response'`
  - `'data'` any number of times, on the `res` object
- (connection closed here)
- `'aborted'` on the `res` object
- `'close'`
- `'error'` on the `res` object with an error with message `'Error: aborted'` and code `'ECONNRESET'`
- `'close'` on the `res` object

If `req.destroy()` is called before a socket is assigned, the following events will be emitted in the following order:

- (`req.destroy()` called here)
- `'error'` with an error with message `'Error: socket hang up'` and code `'ECONNRESET'`, or the error with which `req.destroy()` was called
- `'close'`

If `req.destroy()` is called before the connection succeeds, the following events will be emitted in the following order:

- `'socket'`
- (`req.destroy()` called here)
- `'error'` with an error with message `'Error: socket hang up'` and code `'ECONNRESET'`, or the error with which `req.destroy()` was called
- `'close'`

If `req.destroy()` is called after the response is received, the following events will be emitted in the following order:

- `'socket'`
- `'response'`
  - `'data'` any number of times, on the `res` object
- (`req.destroy()` called here)
- `'aborted'` on the `res` object
- `'close'`
- `'error'` on the `res` object with an error with message `'Error: aborted'` and code `'ECONNRESET'`, or the error with which `req.destroy()` was called
- `'close'` on the `res` object

If `req.abort()` is called before a socket is assigned, the following events will be emitted in the following order:

- (`req.abort()` called here)
- `'abort'`
- `'close'`

If `req.abort()` is called before the connection succeeds, the following events will be emitted in the following order:

- `'socket'`
- (`req.abort()` called here)
- `'abort'`
- `'error'` with an error with message `'Error: socket hang up'` and code `'ECONNRESET'`
- `'close'`

If `req.abort()` is called after the response is received, the following events will be emitted in the following order:

- `'socket'`
- `'response'`
  - `'data'` any number of times, on the `res` object
- (`req.abort()` called here)
- `'abort'`
- `'aborted'` on the `res` object
- `'error'` on the `res` object with an error with message `'Error: aborted'` and code `'ECONNRESET'`.
- `'close'`
- `'close'` on the `res` object

Setting the `timeout` option or using the `setTimeout()` function will not abort the request or do anything besides add a `'timeout'` event.

Passing an `AbortSignal` and then calling `abort()` on the corresponding `AbortController` will behave the same way as calling `.destroy()` on the request. Specifically, the `'error'` event will be emitted with an error with the message `'AbortError: The operation was aborted'`, the code `'ABORT_ERR'` and the `cause`, if one was provided.

### `http.validateHeaderName(name[, label])`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v19.5.0, v18.14.0 | The `label` parameter is added.
v14.3.0 | Added in: v14.3.0

- `name` <string>
- `label` <string> Label for error message. Default: `'Header name'`.

Performs the low-level validations on the provided `name` that are done when `res.setHeader(name, value)` is called.

Passing illegal value as `name` will result in a `TypeError` being thrown, identified by `code: 'ERR_INVALID_HTTP_TOKEN'`.

It is not necessary to use this method before passing headers to an HTTP request or response. The HTTP module will automatically validate such headers.

Example:

    import { validateHeaderName } from 'node:http';

    try {
      validateHeaderName('');
    } catch (err) {
      console.error(err instanceof TypeError); // --> true
      console.error(err.code); // --> 'ERR_INVALID_HTTP_TOKEN'
      console.error(err.message); // --> 'Header name must be a valid HTTP token [""]'
    }const { validateHeaderName } = require('node:http');

    try {
      validateHeaderName('');
    } catch (err) {
      console.error(err instanceof TypeError); // --> true
      console.error(err.code); // --> 'ERR_INVALID_HTTP_TOKEN'
      console.error(err.message); // --> 'Header name must be a valid HTTP token [""]'
    }

### `http.validateHeaderValue(name, value)`#

Added in: v14.3.0

- `name` <string>
- `value` <any>

Performs the low-level validations on the provided `value` that are done when `res.setHeader(name, value)` is called.

Passing illegal value as `value` will result in a `TypeError` being thrown.

- Undefined value error is identified by `code: 'ERR_HTTP_INVALID_HEADER_VALUE'`.
- Invalid value character error is identified by `code: 'ERR_INVALID_CHAR'`.

It is not necessary to use this method before passing headers to an HTTP request or response. The HTTP module will automatically validate such headers.

Examples:

    import { validateHeaderValue } from 'node:http';

    try {
      validateHeaderValue('x-my-header', undefined);
    } catch (err) {
      console.error(err instanceof TypeError); // --> true
      console.error(err.code === 'ERR_HTTP_INVALID_HEADER_VALUE'); // --> true
      console.error(err.message); // --> 'Invalid value "undefined" for header "x-my-header"'
    }

    try {
      validateHeaderValue('x-my-header', 'oʊmɪɡə');
    } catch (err) {
      console.error(err instanceof TypeError); // --> true
      console.error(err.code === 'ERR_INVALID_CHAR'); // --> true
      console.error(err.message); // --> 'Invalid character in header content ["x-my-header"]'
    }const { validateHeaderValue } = require('node:http');

    try {
      validateHeaderValue('x-my-header', undefined);
    } catch (err) {
      console.error(err instanceof TypeError); // --> true
      console.error(err.code === 'ERR_HTTP_INVALID_HEADER_VALUE'); // --> true
      console.error(err.message); // --> 'Invalid value "undefined" for header "x-my-header"'
    }

    try {
      validateHeaderValue('x-my-header', 'oʊmɪɡə');
    } catch (err) {
      console.error(err instanceof TypeError); // --> true
      console.error(err.code === 'ERR_INVALID_CHAR'); // --> true
      console.error(err.message); // --> 'Invalid character in header content ["x-my-header"]'
    }

### `http.setMaxIdleHTTPParsers(max)`#

Added in: v18.8.0, v16.18.0

- `max` <number> Default: `1000`.

Set the maximum number of idle HTTP parsers.

### Class: `WebSocket`#

Added in: v22.5.0

A browser-compatible implementation of <WebSocket>.

### Built-in Proxy Support#

Added in: v22.21.0

Stability: 1.1 - Active development

When Node.js creates the global agent, if the `NODE_USE_ENV_PROXY` environment variable is set to `1` or `--use-env-proxy` is enabled, the global agent will be constructed with `proxyEnv: process.env`, enabling proxy support based on the environment variables. Custom agents can also be created with proxy support by passing a `proxyEnv` option when constructing the agent. The value can be `process.env` if they just want to inherit the configuration from the environment variables, or an object with specific setting overriding the environment.

The following properties of the `proxyEnv` are checked to configure proxy support.

- `HTTP_PROXY` or `http_proxy`: Proxy server URL for HTTP requests. If both are set, `http_proxy` takes precedence.
- `HTTPS_PROXY` or `https_proxy`: Proxy server URL for HTTPS requests. If both are set, `https_proxy` takes precedence.
- `NO_PROXY` or `no_proxy`: Comma-separated list of hosts to bypass the proxy. If both are set, `no_proxy` takes precedence.

If the request is made to a Unix domain socket, the proxy settings will be ignored.

#### Proxy URL Format#

Proxy URLs can use either HTTP or HTTPS protocols:

- HTTP proxy: `http://proxy.example.com:8080`
- HTTPS proxy: `https://proxy.example.com:8080`
- Proxy with authentication: `http://username:password@proxy.example.com:8080`

#### `NO_PROXY` Format#

The `NO_PROXY` environment variable supports several formats:

- `*` - Bypass proxy for all hosts
- `example.com` - Exact host name match
- `.example.com` - Domain suffix match (matches `sub.example.com`)
- `*.example.com` - Wildcard domain match
- `192.168.1.100` - Exact IP address match
- `192.168.1.1-192.168.1.100` - IP address range
- `example.com:8080` - Hostname with specific port

Multiple entries should be separated by commas.

#### Example#

To start a Node.js process with proxy support enabled for all requests sent through the default global agent, either use the `NODE_USE_ENV_PROXY` environment variable:

    NODE_USE_ENV_PROXY=1 HTTP_PROXY=http://proxy.example.com:8080 NO_PROXY=localhost,127.0.0.1 node client.js

Or the `--use-env-proxy` flag.

    HTTP_PROXY=http://proxy.example.com:8080 NO_PROXY=localhost,127.0.0.1 node --use-env-proxy client.js

To create a custom agent with built-in proxy support:

    const http = require('node:http');

    // Creating a custom agent with custom proxy support.
    const agent = new http.Agent({ proxyEnv: { HTTP_PROXY: 'http://proxy.example.com:8080' } });

    http.request({
      hostname: 'www.example.com',
      port: 80,
      path: '/',
      agent,
    }, (res) => {
      // This request will be proxied through proxy.example.com:8080 using the HTTP protocol.
      console.log(`STATUS: ${res.statusCode}`);
    });

Alternatively, the following also works:

    const http = require('node:http');
    // Use lower-cased option name.
    const agent1 = new http.Agent({ proxyEnv: { http_proxy: 'http://proxy.example.com:8080' } });
    // Use values inherited from the environment variables, if the process is started with
    // HTTP_PROXY=http://proxy.example.com:8080 this will use the proxy server specified
    // in process.env.HTTP_PROXY.
    const agent2 = new http.Agent({ proxyEnv: process.env });