# Path

<!--introduced_in=v0.10.0-->

> Stability: 2 - Stable

<!-- source_link=lib/path.js -->

The `node:path` module provides utilities for working with file and directory
paths. It can be accessed using:

```cjs
const path = require('node:path');
```

```mjs
import path from 'node:path';
```

## Windows vs. POSIX

The default operation of the `node:path` module varies based on the operating
system on which a Node.js application is running. Specifically, when running on
a Windows operating system, the `node:path` module will assume that
Windows-style paths are being used.

So using `path.basename()` might yield different results on POSIX and Windows:

On POSIX:

```js
path.basename('C:\\temp\\myfile.html');
// Returns: 'C:\\temp\\myfile.html'
```

On Windows:

```js
path.basename('C:\\temp\\myfile.html');
// Returns: 'myfile.html'
```

To achieve consistent results when working with Windows file paths on any
operating system, use [`path.win32`][]:

On POSIX and Windows:

```js
path.win32.basename('C:\\temp\\myfile.html');
// Returns: 'myfile.html'
```

To achieve consistent results when working with POSIX file paths on any
operating system, use [`path.posix`][]:

On POSIX and Windows:

```js
path.posix.basename('/tmp/myfile.html');
// Returns: 'myfile.html'
```

On Windows Node.js follows the concept of per-drive working directory.
This behavior can be observed when using a drive path without a backslash. For
example, `path.resolve('C:\\')` can potentially return a different result than
`path.resolve('C:')`. For more information, see
[this MSDN page][MSDN-Rel-Path].

## `path.basename(path[, suffix])`

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* `path` {string}
* `suffix` {string} An optional suffix to remove
* Returns: {string}

The `path.basename()` method returns the last portion of a `path`, similar to
the Unix `basename` command. Trailing [directory separators][`path.sep`] are
ignored.

```js
path.basename('/foo/bar/baz/asdf/quux.html');
// Returns: 'quux.html'

path.basename('/foo/bar/baz/asdf/quux.html', '.html');
// Returns: 'quux'
```

Although Windows usually treats file names, including file extensions, in a
case-insensitive manner, this function does not. For example, `C:\\foo.html` and
`C:\\foo.HTML` refer to the same file, but `basename` treats the extension as a
case-sensitive string:

```js
path.win32.basename('C:\\foo.html', '.html');
// Returns: 'foo'

path.win32.basename('C:\\foo.HTML', '.html');
// Returns: 'foo.HTML'
```

A [`TypeError`][] is thrown if `path` is not a string or if `suffix` is given
and is not a string.

## `path.delimiter`

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* Type: {string}

Provides the platform-specific path delimiter:

* `;` for Windows
* `:` for POSIX

For example, on POSIX:

```js
console.log(process.env.PATH);
// Prints: '/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin'

process.env.PATH.split(path.delimiter);
// Returns: ['/usr/bin', '/bin', '/usr/sbin', '/sbin', '/usr/local/bin']
```

On Windows:

```js
console.log(process.env.PATH);
// Prints: 'C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Program Files\node\'

process.env.PATH.split(path.delimiter);
// Returns ['C:\\Windows\\system32', 'C:\\Windows', 'C:\\Program Files\\node\\']
```

## `path.dirname(path)`

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* `path` {string}
* Returns: {string}

The `path.dirname()` method returns the directory name of a `path`, similar to
the Unix `dirname` command. Trailing directory separators are ignored, see
[`path.sep`][].

```js
path.dirname('/foo/bar/baz/asdf/quux');
// Returns: '/foo/bar/baz/asdf'
```

A [`TypeError`][] is thrown if `path` is not a string.

## `path.extname(path)`

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* `path` {string}
* Returns: {string}

The `path.extname()` method returns the extension of the `path`, from the last
occurrence of the `.` (period) character to end of string in the last portion of
the `path`. If there is no `.` in the last portion of the `path`, or if
there are no `.` characters other than the first character of
the basename of `path` (see `path.basename()`) , an empty string is returned.

```js
path.extname('index.html');
// Returns: '.html'

path.extname('index.coffee.md');
// Returns: '.md'

path.extname('index.');
// Returns: '.'

path.extname('index');
// Returns: ''

path.extname('.index');
// Returns: ''

path.extname('.index.md');
// Returns: '.md'
```

A [`TypeError`][] is thrown if `path` is not a string.

## `path.format(pathObject)`

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* `pathObject` {Object} Any JavaScript object having the following properties:
  * `dir` {string}
  * `root` {string}
  * `base` {string}
  * `name` {string}
  * `ext` {string}
* Returns: {string}

The `path.format()` method returns a path string from an object. This is the
opposite of [`path.parse()`][].

When providing properties to the `pathObject` remember that there are
combinations where one property has priority over another:

* `pathObject.root` is ignored if `pathObject.dir` is provided
* `pathObject.ext` and `pathObject.name` are ignored if `pathObject.base` exists

For example, on POSIX:

```js
// If `dir`, `root` and `base` are provided,
// `${dir}${path.sep}${base}`
// will be returned. `root` is ignored.
path.format({
  root: '/ignored',
  dir: '/home/user/dir',
  base: 'file.txt',
});
// Returns: '/home/user/dir/file.txt'

// `root` will be used if `dir` is not specified.
// If only `root` is provided or `dir` is equal to `root` then the
// platform separator will not be included. `ext` will be ignored.
path.format({
  root: '/',
  base: 'file.txt',
  ext: 'ignored',
});
// Returns: '/file.txt'

// `name` + `ext` will be used if `base` is not specified.
path.format({
  root: '/',
  name: 'file',
  ext: '.txt',
});
// Returns: '/file.txt'

// The dot will be added if it is not specified in `ext`.
path.format({
  root: '/',
  name: 'file',
  ext: 'txt',
});
// Returns: '/file.txt'
```

On Windows:

```js
path.format({
  dir: 'C:\\path\\dir',
  base: 'file.txt',
});
// Returns: 'C:\\path\\dir\\file.txt'
```

## `path.matchesGlob(path, pattern)`

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* `path` {string} The path to glob-match against.
* `pattern` {string} The glob to check the path against.
* Returns: {boolean} Whether or not the `path` matched the `pattern`.

The `path.matchesGlob()` method determines if `path` matches the `pattern`.

For example:

```js
path.matchesGlob('/foo/bar', '/foo/*'); // true
path.matchesGlob('/foo/bar*', 'foo/bird'); // false
```

A [`TypeError`][] is thrown if `path` or `pattern` are not strings.

## `path.isAbsolute(path)`

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* `path` {string}
* Returns: {boolean}

The `path.isAbsolute()` method determines if the literal `path` is absolute.
Therefore, it’s not safe for mitigating path traversals.

If the given `path` is a zero-length string, `false` will be returned.

For example, on POSIX:

```js
path.isAbsolute('/foo/bar');   // true
path.isAbsolute('/baz/..');    // true
path.isAbsolute('/baz/../..'); // true
path.isAbsolute('qux/');       // false
path.isAbsolute('.');          // false
```

On Windows:

```js
path.isAbsolute('//server');    // true
path.isAbsolute('\\\\server');  // true
path.isAbsolute('C:/foo/..');   // true
path.isAbsolute('C:\\foo\\..'); // true
path.isAbsolute('bar\\baz');    // false
path.isAbsolute('bar/baz');     // false
path.isAbsolute('.');           // false
```

A [`TypeError`][] is thrown if `path` is not a string.

## `path.join([...paths])`

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* `...paths` {string} A sequence of path segments
* Returns: {string}

The `path.join()` method joins all given `path` segments together using the
platform-specific separator as a delimiter, then normalizes the resulting path.

Zero-length `path` segments are ignored. If the joined path string is a
zero-length string then `'.'` will be returned, representing the current
working directory.

```js
path.join('/foo', 'bar', 'baz/asdf', 'quux', '..');
// Returns: '/foo/bar/baz/asdf'

path.join('foo', {}, 'bar');
// Throws 'TypeError: Path must be a string. Received {}'
```

A [`TypeError`][] is thrown if any of the path segments is not a string.

## `path.normalize(path)`

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* `path` {string}
* Returns: {string}

The `path.normalize()` method normalizes the given `path`, resolving `'..'` and
`'.'` segments.

When multiple, sequential path segment separation characters are found (e.g.
`/` on POSIX and either `\` or `/` on Windows), they are replaced by a single
instance of the platform-specific path segment separator (`/` on POSIX and
`\` on Windows). Trailing separators are preserved.

If the `path` is a zero-length string, `'.'` is returned, representing the
current working directory.

On POSIX, the types of normalization applied by this function do not strictly
adhere to the POSIX specification. For example, this function will replace two
leading forward slashes with a single slash as if it was a regular absolute
path, whereas a few POSIX systems assign special meaning to paths beginning with
exactly two forward slashes. Similarly, other substitutions performed by this
function, such as removing `..` segments, may change how the underlying system
resolves the path.

For example, on POSIX:

```js
path.normalize('/foo/bar//baz/asdf/quux/..');
// Returns: '/foo/bar/baz/asdf'
```

On Windows:

```js
path.normalize('C:\\temp\\\\foo\\bar\\..\\');
// Returns: 'C:\\temp\\foo\\'
```

Since Windows recognizes multiple path separators, both separators will be
replaced by instances of the Windows preferred separator (`\`):

```js
path.win32.normalize('C:////temp\\\\/\\/\\/foo/bar');
// Returns: 'C:\\temp\\foo\\bar'
```

A [`TypeError`][] is thrown if `path` is not a string.

## `path.parse(path)`

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* `path` {string}
* Returns: {Object}

The `path.parse()` method returns an object whose properties represent
significant elements of the `path`. Trailing directory separators are ignored,
see [`path.sep`][].

The returned object will have the following properties:

* `dir` {string}
* `root` {string}
* `base` {string}
* `name` {string}
* `ext` {string}

For example, on POSIX:

```js
path.parse('/home/user/dir/file.txt');
// Returns:
// { root: '/',
//   dir: '/home/user/dir',
//   base: 'file.txt',
//   ext: '.txt',
//   name: 'file' }
```

```text
┌─────────────────────┬────────────┐
│          dir        │    base    │
├──────┬              ├──────┬─────┤
│ root │              │ name │ ext │
"  /    home/user/dir / file  .txt "
└──────┴──────────────┴──────┴─────┘
(All spaces in the "" line should be ignored. They are purely for formatting.)
```

On Windows:

```js
path.parse('C:\\path\\dir\\file.txt');
// Returns:
// { root: 'C:\\',
//   dir: 'C:\\path\\dir',
//   base: 'file.txt',
//   ext: '.txt',
//   name: 'file' }
```

```text
┌─────────────────────┬────────────┐
│          dir        │    base    │
├──────┬              ├──────┬─────┤
│ root │              │ name │ ext │
" C:\      path\dir   \ file  .txt "
└──────┴──────────────┴──────┴─────┘
(All spaces in the "" line should be ignored. They are purely for formatting.)
```

A [`TypeError`][] is thrown if `path` is not a string.

## `path.posix`

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* Type: {Object}

The `path.posix` property provides access to POSIX specific implementations
of the `path` methods.

The API is accessible via `require('node:path').posix` or `require('node:path/posix')`.

## `path.relative(from, to)`

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* `from` {string}
* `to` {string}
* Returns: {string}

The `path.relative()` method returns the relative path from `from` to `to` based
on the current working directory. If `from` and `to` each resolve to the same
path (after calling `path.resolve()` on each), a zero-length string is returned.

If a zero-length string is passed as `from` or `to`, the current working
directory will be used instead of the zero-length strings.

For example, on POSIX:

```js
path.relative('/data/orandea/test/aaa', '/data/orandea/impl/bbb');
// Returns: '../../impl/bbb'
```

On Windows:

```js
path.relative('C:\\orandea\\test\\aaa', 'C:\\orandea\\impl\\bbb');
// Returns: '..\\..\\impl\\bbb'
```

A [`TypeError`][] is thrown if either `from` or `to` is not a string.

## `path.resolve([...paths])`

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* `...paths` {string} A sequence of paths or path segments
* Returns: {string}

The `path.resolve()` method resolves a sequence of paths or path segments into
an absolute path.

The given sequence of paths is processed from right to left, with each
subsequent `path` prepended until an absolute path is constructed.
For instance, given the sequence of path segments: `/foo`, `/bar`, `baz`,
calling `path.resolve('/foo', '/bar', 'baz')` would return `/bar/baz`
because `'baz'` is not an absolute path but `'/bar' + '/' + 'baz'` is.

If, after processing all given `path` segments, an absolute path has not yet
been generated, the current working directory is used.

The resulting path is normalized and trailing slashes are removed unless the
path is resolved to the root directory.

Zero-length `path` segments are ignored.

If no `path` segments are passed, `path.resolve()` will return the absolute path
of the current working directory.

```js
path.resolve('/foo/bar', './baz');
// Returns: '/foo/bar/baz'

path.resolve('/foo/bar', '/tmp/file/');
// Returns: '/tmp/file'

path.resolve('wwwroot', 'static_files/png/', '../gif/image.gif');
// If the current working directory is /home/myself/node,
// this returns '/home/myself/node/wwwroot/static_files/gif/image.gif'
```

A [`TypeError`][] is thrown if any of the arguments is not a string.

## `path.sep`

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* Type: {string}

Provides the platform-specific path segment separator:

* `\` on Windows
* `/` on POSIX

For example, on POSIX:

```js
'foo/bar/baz'.split(path.sep);
// Returns: ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']
```

On Windows:

```js
'foo\\bar\\baz'.split(path.sep);
// Returns: ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']
```

On Windows, both the forward slash (`/`) and backward slash (`\`) are accepted
as path segment separators; however, the `path` methods only add backward
slashes (`\`).

## `path.toNamespacedPath(path)`

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* `path` {string}
* Returns: {string}

On Windows systems only, returns an equivalent [namespace-prefixed path][] for
the given `path`. If `path` is not a string, `path` will be returned without
modifications.

This method is meaningful only on Windows systems. On POSIX systems, the
method is non-operational and always returns `path` without modifications.

## `path.win32`

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* Type: {Object}

The `path.win32` property provides access to Windows-specific implementations
of the `path` methods.

The API is accessible via `require('node:path').win32` or `require('node:path/win32')`.

[MSDN-Rel-Path]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/FileIO/naming-a-file#fully-qualified-vs-relative-paths
[`TypeError`]: errors.md#class-typeerror
[`path.parse()`]: #pathparsepath
[`path.posix`]: #pathposix
[`path.sep`]: #pathsep
[`path.win32`]: #pathwin32
[namespace-prefixed path]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/FileIO/naming-a-file#namespaces
