================================================================
Documentation for Kdump - The kexec-based Crash Dumping Solution
================================================================

This document includes overview, setup and installation, and analysis
information.

Overview
========

Kdump uses kexec to quickly boot to a dump-capture kernel whenever a
dump of the system kernel's memory needs to be taken (for example, when
the system panics). The system kernel's memory image is preserved across
the reboot and is accessible to the dump-capture kernel.

You can use common commands, such as cp and scp, to copy the
memory image to a dump file on the local disk, or across the network to
a remote system.

Kdump and kexec are currently supported on the x86, x86_64, ppc64, ia64,
and s390x architectures.

When the system kernel boots, it reserves a small section of memory for
the dump-capture kernel. This ensures that ongoing Direct Memory Access
(DMA) from the system kernel does not corrupt the dump-capture kernel.
The kexec -p command loads the dump-capture kernel into this reserved
memory.

On x86 machines, the first 640 KB of physical memory is needed to boot,
regardless of where the kernel loads. Therefore, kexec backs up this
region just before rebooting into the dump-capture kernel.

Similarly on PPC64 machines first 32KB of physical memory is needed for
booting regardless of where the kernel is loaded and to support 64K page
size kexec backs up the first 64KB memory.

For s390x, when kdump is triggered, the crashkernel region is exchanged
with the region [0, crashkernel region size] and then the kdump kernel
runs in [0, crashkernel region size]. Therefore no relocatable kernel is
needed for s390x.

All of the necessary information about the system kernel's core image is
encoded in the ELF format, and stored in a reserved area of memory
before a crash. The physical address of the start of the ELF header is
passed to the dump-capture kernel through the elfcorehdr= boot
parameter. Optionally the size of the ELF header can also be passed
when using the elfcorehdr=[size[KMG]@]offset[KMG] syntax.


With the dump-capture kernel, you can access the memory image, or "old
memory," in two ways:

- Through a /dev/oldmem device interface. A capture utility can read the
  device file and write out the memory in raw format. This is a raw dump
  of memory. Analysis and capture tools must be intelligent enough to
  determine where to look for the right information.

- Through /proc/vmcore. This exports the dump as an ELF-format file that
  you can write out using file copy commands such as cp or scp. Further,
  you can use analysis tools such as the GNU Debugger (GDB) and the Crash
  tool to debug the dump file. This method ensures that the dump pages are
  correctly ordered.


Setup and Installation
======================

Install kexec-tools
-------------------

1) Login as the root user.

2) Download the kexec-tools user-space package from the following URL:

http://kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kexec/kexec-tools.tar.gz

This is a symlink to the latest version.

The latest kexec-tools git tree is available at:

git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kexec/kexec-tools.git
and
http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kexec/kexec-tools.git

There is also a gitweb interface available at
http://www.kernel.org/git/?p=utils/kernel/kexec/kexec-tools.git

More information about kexec-tools can be found at
http://horms.net/projects/kexec/

3) Unpack the tarball with the tar command, as follows:

   tar xvpzf kexec-tools.tar.gz

4) Change to the kexec-tools directory, as follows:

   cd kexec-tools-VERSION

5) Configure the package, as follows:

   ./configure

6) Compile the package, as follows:

   make

7) Install the package, as follows:

   make install


Build the system and dump-capture kernels
-----------------------------------------
There are two possible methods of using Kdump.

1) Build a separate custom dump-capture kernel for capturing the
   kernel core dump.

2) Or use the system kernel binary itself as dump-capture kernel and there is
   no need to build a separate dump-capture kernel. This is possible
   only with the architectures which support a relocatable kernel. As
   of today, i386, x86_64, ppc64 and ia64 architectures support relocatable
   kernel.

Building a relocatable kernel is advantageous from the point of view that
one does not have to build a second kernel for capturing the dump. But
at the same time one might want to build a custom dump capture kernel
suitable to his needs.

Following are the configuration setting required for system and
dump-capture kernels for enabling kdump support.

System kernel config options
----------------------------

1) Enable "kexec system call" in "Processor type and features."

   CONFIG_KEXEC=y

2) Enable "sysfs file system support" in "Filesystem" -> "Pseudo
   filesystems." This is usually enabled by default.

   CONFIG_SYSFS=y

   Note that "sysfs file system support" might not appear in the "Pseudo
   filesystems" menu if "Configure standard kernel features (for small
   systems)" is not enabled in "General Setup." In this case, check the
   .config file itself to ensure that sysfs is turned on, as follows:

   grep 'CONFIG_SYSFS' .config

3) Enable "Compile the kernel with debug info" in "Kernel hacking."

   CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO=Y

   This causes the kernel to be built with debug symbols. The dump
   analysis tools require a vmlinux with debug symbols in order to read
   and analyze a dump file.

4) Enable "automatically reserve memory for kexec kernel" in
   "Processor type and features."

   CONFIG_KEXEC_AUTO_RESERVE=y

   This will let you to use "crashkernel=auto", instead of specifying
   numbers for "crashkernel=". Note, you need to have enough memory.
   The threshold and reserved memory size are arch-dependent.


Dump-capture kernel config options (Arch Independent)
-----------------------------------------------------

1) Enable "kernel crash dumps" support under "Processor type and
   features":

   CONFIG_CRASH_DUMP=y

2) Enable "/proc/vmcore support" under "Filesystems" -> "Pseudo filesystems".

   CONFIG_PROC_VMCORE=y
   (CONFIG_PROC_VMCORE is set by default when CONFIG_CRASH_DUMP is selected.)

Dump-capture kernel config options (Arch Dependent, i386 and x86_64)
--------------------------------------------------------------------

1) On i386, enable high memory support under "Processor type and
   features":

   CONFIG_HIGHMEM64G=y
   or
   CONFIG_HIGHMEM4G

2) On i386 and x86_64, disable symmetric multi-processing support
   under "Processor type and features":

   CONFIG_SMP=n

   (If CONFIG_SMP=y, then specify maxcpus=1 on the kernel command line
   when loading the dump-capture kernel, see section "Load the Dump-capture
   Kernel".)

3) If one wants to build and use a relocatable kernel,
   Enable "Build a relocatable kernel" support under "Processor type and
   features"

   CONFIG_RELOCATABLE=y

4) Use a suitable value for "Physical address where the kernel is
   loaded" (under "Processor type and features"). This only appears when
   "kernel crash dumps" is enabled. A suitable value depends upon
   whether kernel is relocatable or not.

   If you are using a relocatable kernel use CONFIG_PHYSICAL_START=0x100000
   This will compile the kernel for physical address 1MB, but given the fact
   kernel is relocatable, it can be run from any physical address hence
   kexec boot loader will load it in memory region reserved for dump-capture
   kernel.

   Otherwise it should be the start of memory region reserved for
   second kernel using boot parameter "crashkernel=Y@X". Here X is
   start of memory region reserved for dump-capture kernel.
   Generally X is 16MB (0x1000000). So you can set
   CONFIG_PHYSICAL_START=0x1000000

5) Make and install the kernel and its modules. DO NOT add this kernel
   to the boot loader configuration files.

Dump-capture kernel config options (Arch Dependent, ppc64)
----------------------------------------------------------

1) Enable "Build a kdump crash kernel" support under "Kernel" options:

   CONFIG_CRASH_DUMP=y

2)   Enable "Build a relocatable kernel" support

   CONFIG_RELOCATABLE=y

   Make and install the kernel and its modules.

Dump-capture kernel config options (Arch Dependent, ia64)
----------------------------------------------------------

- No specific options are required to create a dump-capture kernel
  for ia64, other than those specified in the arch independent section
  above. This means that it is possible to use the system kernel
  as a dump-capture kernel if desired.

  The crashkernel region can be automatically placed by the system
  kernel at run time. This is done by specifying the base address as 0,
  or omitting it all together.

  crashkernel=256M@0
  or
  crashkernel=256M

  If the start address is specified, note that the start address of the
  kernel will be aligned to 64Mb, so if the start address is not then
  any space below the alignment point will be wasted.


Extended crashkernel syntax
===========================

While the "crashkernel=size[@offset]" syntax is sufficient for most
configurations, sometimes it's handy to have the reserved memory dependent
on the value of System RAM -- that's mostly for distributors that pre-setup
the kernel command line to avoid a unbootable system after some memory has
been removed from the machine.

The syntax is:

    crashkernel=<range1>:<size1>[,<range2>:<size2>,...][@offset]
    range=start-[end]

    'start' is inclusive and 'end' is exclusive.

For example:

    crashkernel=512M-2G:64M,2G-:128M

This would mean:

    1) if the RAM is smaller than 512M, then don't reserve anything
       (this is the "rescue" case)
    2) if the RAM size is between 512M and 2G (exclusive), then reserve 64M
    3) if the RAM size is larger than 2G, then reserve 128M

Or you can use:

    crashkernel=auto

if you have enough memory. The threshold is 2G on x86, for powerpc
if PAGESIZE is 4k the threshold is 2G or the threshold is 8G, below which
this won't work. For s390x, crashkernel=auto can be used for all
memory sizes > 256M.

The automatically reserved memory size varies based on architecture. For i386
and x86_64, base memory reserved is 128M and this memory is scaled based on
physical memory present in the system. Currently dump filtering utility
(makedumpfile) requires 2bits per 4K page of memory in its user space. So
memory reserved is scaled accordingly. That means on top of 128MB, we reserve
additional 2bit per 4K page of physical memory in the system.

It will be 128M or 256M on ppc, 128M on s390x, 1/32 of your physical memory
size on ppc64 (but it will not grow if you have more than 128G memory).


Boot into System Kernel
=======================

1) Update the boot loader (such as grub, yaboot, or lilo) configuration
   files as necessary.

2) Boot the system kernel with the boot parameter "crashkernel=Y@X",
   where Y specifies how much memory to reserve for the dump-capture kernel
   and X specifies the beginning of this reserved memory. For example,
   "crashkernel=64M@16M" tells the system kernel to reserve 64 MB of memory
   starting at physical address 0x01000000 (16MB) for the dump-capture kernel.

   On x86 and x86_64, use "crashkernel=64M@16M".

   On ppc64, use "crashkernel=128M@32M".

   On ia64, 256M@256M is a generous value that typically works.
   The region may be automatically placed on ia64, see the
   dump-capture kernel config option notes above.
   If use sparse memory, the size should be rounded to GRANULE boundaries.

   On s390x, typically use "crashkernel=xxM". The value of xx is dependent
   on the memory consumption of the kdump system. In general this is not
   dependent on the memory size of the production system.

Load the Dump-capture Kernel
============================

After booting to the system kernel, dump-capture kernel needs to be
loaded.

Based on the architecture and type of image (relocatable or not), one
can choose to load the uncompressed vmlinux or compressed bzImage/vmlinuz
of dump-capture kernel. Following is the summary.

For i386 and x86_64:
	- Use vmlinux if kernel is not relocatable.
	- Use bzImage/vmlinuz if kernel is relocatable.
For ppc64:
	- Use vmlinux
For ia64:
	- Use vmlinux or vmlinuz.gz
For s390x:
	- Use image or bzImage


If you are using a uncompressed vmlinux image then use following command
to load dump-capture kernel.

   kexec -p <dump-capture-kernel-vmlinux-image> \
   --initrd=<initrd-for-dump-capture-kernel> --args-linux \
   --append="root=<root-dev> <arch-specific-options>"

If you are using a compressed bzImage/vmlinuz, then use following command
to load dump-capture kernel.

   kexec -p <dump-capture-kernel-bzImage> \
   --initrd=<initrd-for-dump-capture-kernel> \
   --append="root=<root-dev> <arch-specific-options>"

Please note, that --args-linux does not need to be specified for ia64.
It is planned to make this a no-op on that architecture, but for now
it should be omitted

Following are the arch specific command line options to be used while
loading dump-capture kernel.

For i386, x86_64 and ia64:
	"1 irqpoll maxcpus=1 reset_devices"

For ppc64:
	"1 maxcpus=1 noirqdistrib reset_devices"

For s390x:
	"1 maxcpus=1 cgroup_disable=memory"

Notes on loading the dump-capture kernel:

* By default, the ELF headers are stored in ELF64 format to support
  systems with more than 4GB memory. On i386, kexec automatically checks if
  the physical RAM size exceeds the 4 GB limit and if not, uses ELF32.
  So, on non-PAE systems, ELF32 is always used.

  The --elf32-core-headers option can be used to force the generation of ELF32
  headers. This is necessary because GDB currently cannot open vmcore files
  with ELF64 headers on 32-bit systems.

* The "irqpoll" boot parameter reduces driver initialization failures
  due to shared interrupts in the dump-capture kernel.

* You must specify <root-dev> in the format corresponding to the root
  device name in the output of mount command.

* Boot parameter "1" boots the dump-capture kernel into single-user
  mode without networking. If you want networking, use "3".

* We generally don' have to bring up a SMP kernel just to capture the
  dump. Hence generally it is useful either to build a UP dump-capture
  kernel or specify maxcpus=1 option while loading dump-capture kernel.

* For s390x there are two kdump modes: If a ELF header is specified with
  the elfcorehdr= kernel parameter, it is used by the kdump kernel as it
  is done on all other architectures. If no elfcorehdr= kernel parameter is
  specified, the s390x kdump kernel dynamically creates the header. The
  second mode has the advantage that for CPU and memory hotplug, kdump has
  not to be reloaded with kexec_load().

* For s390x systems with many attached devices the "cio_ignore" kernel
  parameter should be used for the kdump kernel in order to prevent allocation
  of kernel memory for devices that are not relevant for kdump. The same
  applies to systems that use SCSI/FCP devices. In that case the
  "allow_lun_scan" zfcp module parameter should be set to zero before
  setting FCP devices online.

Kernel Panic
============

After successfully loading the dump-capture kernel as previously
described, the system will reboot into the dump-capture kernel if a
system crash is triggered.  Trigger points are located in panic(),
die(), die_nmi() and in the sysrq handler (ALT-SysRq-c).

The following conditions will execute a crash trigger point:

If a hard lockup is detected and "NMI watchdog" is configured, the system
will boot into the dump-capture kernel ( die_nmi() ).

If die() is called, and it happens to be a thread with pid 0 or 1, or die()
is called inside interrupt context or die() is called and panic_on_oops is set,
the system will boot into the dump-capture kernel.

On powerpc systems when a soft-reset is generated, die() is called by all cpus
and the system will boot into the dump-capture kernel.

For testing purposes, you can trigger a crash by using "ALT-SysRq-c",
"echo c > /proc/sysrq-trigger" or write a module to force the panic.

Write Out the Dump File
=======================

After the dump-capture kernel is booted, write out the dump file with
the following command:

   cp /proc/vmcore <dump-file>

You can also access dumped memory as a /dev/oldmem device for a linear
and raw view. To create the device, use the following command:

    mknod /dev/oldmem c 1 12

Use the dd command with suitable options for count, bs, and skip to
access specific portions of the dump.

To see the entire memory, use the following command:

   dd if=/dev/oldmem of=oldmem.001

Trigger Kdump on WARN()
=======================

The kernel parameter, panic_on_warn, calls panic() in all WARN() paths.  This
will cause a kdump to occur at the panic() call.  In cases where a user wants
to specify this during runtime, /proc/sys/kernel/panic_on_warn can be set to 1
to achieve the same behaviour.

Trigger Kdump on add_taint()
============================

The kernel parameter panic_on_taint facilitates a conditional call to panic()
from within add_taint() whenever the value set in this bitmask matches with the
bit flag being set by add_taint().
This will cause a kdump to occur at the add_taint()->panic() call.


Analysis
========

Before analyzing the dump image, you should reboot into a stable kernel.

You can do limited analysis using GDB on the dump file copied out of
/proc/vmcore. Use the debug vmlinux built with -g and run the following
command:

   gdb vmlinux <dump-file>

Stack trace for the task on processor 0, register display, and memory
display work fine.

Note: GDB cannot analyze core files generated in ELF64 format for x86.
On systems with a maximum of 4GB of memory, you can generate
ELF32-format headers using the --elf32-core-headers kernel option on the
dump kernel.

You can also use the Crash utility to analyze dump files in Kdump
format. Crash is available on Dave Anderson's site at the following URL:

   http://people.redhat.com/~anderson/


To Do
=====

1) Provide relocatable kernels for all architectures to help in maintaining
   multiple kernels for crash_dump, and the same kernel as the system kernel
   can be used to capture the dump.


Contact
=======

Vivek Goyal (vgoyal@redhat.com)
Maneesh Soni (maneesh@in.ibm.com)

