# Chapter 2 - Getting Started with Mini-XML

This chapter describes how to write programs that use Mini-XML to access data in an XML file. Mini-XML provides the following functionality:

- Reading of UTF-8 and UTF-16 and writing of UTF-8 encoded XML files and strings.
- Data is stored in a linked-list tree structure, preserving the XML data hierarchy.
- SAX (streamed) reading of XML files and strings to minimize memory usage.
- Supports arbitrary element names, attributes, and attribute values with no preset limits, just available memory.
- Supports integer, real, opaque ("cdata"), and text data types in "leaf" nodes.
- Functions for creating and managing trees of data.
- "Find" and "walk" functions for easily locating and navigating trees of data.

Mini-XML doesn't do validation or other types of processing on the data based upon schema files or other sources of definition information.

## The Basics

Mini-XML provides a single header file which you include:

    #include <mxml.h>

The Mini-XML library is included with your program using the `-lmxml` option:

    gcc -o myprogram myprogram.c -lmxml ENTER

If you have the `pkg-config(1)` software installed, you can use it to determine the proper compiler and linker options for your installation:

    pkg-config --cflags mxml ENTER
    pkg-config --libs mxml ENTER

## Nodes

Every piece of information in an XML file is stored in memory in "nodes". Nodes are defined by the `mxml_node_t` structure. Each node has a typed value, optional user data, a parent node, sibling nodes (previous and next), and potentially child nodes.

For example, if you have an XML file like the following:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
    <data>
        <node>val1</node>
        <node>val2</node>
        <node>val3</node>
        <group>
            <node>val4</node>
            <node>val5</node>
            <node>val6</node>
        </group>
        <node>val7</node>
        <node>val8</node>
    </data>

the node tree for the file would look like the following in memory:

    ?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?
      |
    data
      |
    node - node - node - group - node - node
      |      |      |      |       |      |
    val1   val2   val3     |     val7   val8
                           |
                         node - node - node
                           |      |      |
                         val4   val5   val6

where "-" is a pointer to the sibling node and "|" is a pointer to the first child or parent node.

The `mxmlGetType` function gets the type of a node, one of `MXML_CUSTOM`, `MXML_ELEMENT`, `MXML_INTEGER`, `MXML_OPAQUE`, `MXML_REAL`, or `MXML_TEXT`. The parent and sibling nodes are accessed using the `mxmlGetParent`, `mxmlGetNext`, and `mxmlGetPrevious` functions. The `mxmlGetUserData` function gets any user data associated with the node.

### CDATA Nodes

CDATA (`MXML_ELEMENT`) nodes are created using the `mxmlNewCDATA` function. The `mxmlGetCDATA` function retrieves the CDATA string pointer for a node.

> Note:

> CDATA nodes are currently stored in memory as special elements. This will be changed in a future major release of Mini-XML.

### Custom Nodes

Custom (`MXML_CUSTOM`) nodes are created using the `mxmlNewCustom` function or using a custom load callback specified using the `mxmlSetCustomHandlers` function. The `mxmlGetCustom` function retrieves the custom value pointer for a node.

### Comment Nodes

Comment (`MXML_ELEMENT`) nodes are created using the `mxmlNewElement` function. The `mxmlGetElement` function retrieves the comment string pointer for a node, including the surrounding "!--" and "--" characters.

> Note:

> Comment nodes are currently stored in memory as special elements. This will be changed in a future major release of Mini-XML.

### Element Nodes

Element (`MXML_ELEMENT`) nodes are created using the `mxmlNewElement` function. The `mxmlGetElement` function retrieves the element name, the `mxmlElementGetAttr` function retrieves the value string for a named attribute associated with the element, and the `mxmlGetFirstChild` and `mxmlGetLastChild` functions retrieve the first and last child nodes for the element, respectively.

### Integer Nodes

Integer (`MXML_INTEGER`) nodes are created using the `mxmlNewInteger` function. The `mxmlGetInteger` function retrieves the integer value for a node.

### Opaque String Nodes

Opaque string (`MXML_OPAQUE`) nodes are created using the `mxmlNewOpaque` function. The `mxmlGetOpaque` function retrieves the opaque string pointer for a node. Opaque nodes are like string nodes but preserve all whitespace between nodes.

### Text String Nodes

Text string (`MXML_TEXT`) nodes are created using the `mxmlNewText` and `mxmlNewTextf` functions. Each text node consists of a single word string and (leading) whitespace value - the `mxmlGetText` function retrieves the string pointer and whitespace value for a node.

### Processing Instruction Nodes

Processing instruction (`MXML_ELEMENT`) nodes are created using the `mxmlNewElement` function. The `mxmlGetElement` function retrieves the processing instruction string for a node, including the surrounding "?" characters.

> Note:

> Processing instruction nodes are currently stored in memory as special elements. This will be changed in a future major release of Mini-XML.

### Real Number Nodes

Real number (`MXML_REAL`) nodes are created using the `mxmlNewReal` function. The `mxmlGetReal` function retrieves the CDATA string pointer for a node.

### XML Declaration Nodes

XML declaration (`MXML_ELEMENT`) nodes are created using the `mxmlNewXML` function. The `mxmlGetElement` function retrieves the XML declaration string for a node, including the surrounding "?" characters.

> Note:

> XML declaration nodes are currently stored in memory as special elements. This will be changed in a future major release of Mini-XML.

## Creating XML Documents

You can create and update XML documents in memory using the various `mxmlNew` functions. The following code will create the XML document described in the previous section:

    mxml_node_t *xml;    /* <?xml ... ?> */
    mxml_node_t *data;   /* <data> */
    mxml_node_t *node;   /* <node> */
    mxml_node_t *group;  /* <group> */

    xml = mxmlNewXML("1.0");

    data = mxmlNewElement(xml, "data");

        node = mxmlNewElement(data, "node");
        mxmlNewText(node, 0, "val1");
        node = mxmlNewElement(data, "node");
        mxmlNewText(node, 0, "val2");
        node = mxmlNewElement(data, "node");
        mxmlNewText(node, 0, "val3");

        group = mxmlNewElement(data, "group");

            node = mxmlNewElement(group, "node");
            mxmlNewText(node, 0, "val4");
            node = mxmlNewElement(group, "node");
            mxmlNewText(node, 0, "val5");
            node = mxmlNewElement(group, "node");
            mxmlNewText(node, 0, "val6");

        node = mxmlNewElement(data, "node");
        mxmlNewText(node, 0, "val7");
        node = mxmlNewElement(data, "node");
        mxmlNewText(node, 0, "val8");

We start by creating the declaration node common to all XML files using the `mxmlNewXML` function:

    xml = mxmlNewXML("1.0");

We then create the `<data>` node used for this document using the `mxmlNewElement` function. The first argument specifies the parent node (`xml`) while the second specifies the element name (`data`):

    data = mxmlNewElement(xml, "data");

Each `<node>...</node>` in the file is created using the `mxmlNewElement` and `mxmlNewText` functions. The first argument of `mxmlNewText` specifies the parent node (`node`). The second argument specifies whether whitespace appears before the text - 0 or false in this case. The last argument specifies the actual text to add:

    node = mxmlNewElement(data, "node");
    mxmlNewText(node, 0, "val1");

The resulting in-memory XML document can then be saved or processed just like one loaded from disk or a string.

## Loading XML

You load an XML file using the `mxmlLoadFile` function:

    FILE *fp;
    mxml_node_t *tree;

    fp = fopen("filename.xml", "r");
    tree = mxmlLoadFile(NULL, fp,
                        MXML_OPAQUE_CALLBACK);
    fclose(fp);

The first argument specifies an existing XML parent node, if any. Normally you will pass `NULL` for this argument unless you are combining multiple XML sources. The XML file must contain a complete XML document including the `?xml` element if the parent node is `NULL`.

The second argument specifies the stdio file to read from, as opened by `fopen()` or `popen()`. You can also use `stdin` if you are implementing an XML filter program.

The third argument specifies a callback function which returns the value type of the immediate children for a new element node: `MXML_CUSTOM`, `MXML_IGNORE`, `MXML_INTEGER`, `MXML_OPAQUE`, `MXML_REAL`, or `MXML_TEXT`. Load callbacks are described in detail in Chapter 3. The example code uses the `MXML_OPAQUE_CALLBACK` constant which specifies that all data nodes in the document contain opaque string values with whitespace preserved. Other standard callbacks include `MXML_IGNORE_CALLBACK`, `MXML_INTEGER_CALLBACK`, `MXML_REAL_CALLBACK`, and `MXML_TEXT_CALLBACK`.

The `mxmlLoadString` function loads XML node trees from a string:

    char buffer[8192];
    mxml_node_t *tree;

    ...
    tree = mxmlLoadString(NULL, buffer,
                          MXML_OPAQUE_CALLBACK);

The first and third arguments are the same as used for `mxmlLoadFile()`. The second argument specifies the string or character buffer to load and must be a complete XML document including the `?xml` element if the parent node is `NULL`.

## Saving XML

You save an XML file using the `mxmlSaveFile` function:

    FILE *fp;
    mxml_node_t *tree;

    fp = fopen("filename.xml", "w");
    mxmlSaveFile(tree, fp, MXML_NO_CALLBACK);
    fclose(fp);

The first argument is the XML node tree to save. It should normally be a pointer to the top-level `?xml` node in your XML document.

The second argument is the stdio file to write to, as opened by `fopen()` or `popen()`. You can also use `stdout` if you are implementing an XML filter program.

The third argument is the whitespace callback to use when saving the file. Whitespace callbacks are covered in detail in Chapter 3. The previous example code uses the `MXML_NO_CALLBACK` constant to specify that no special whitespace handling is required.

The `mxmlSaveAllocString`, and `mxmlSaveString` functions save XML node trees to strings:

    char buffer[8192];
    char *ptr;
    mxml_node_t *tree;

    ...
    mxmlSaveString(tree, buffer, sizeof(buffer),
                   MXML_NO_CALLBACK);

    ...
    ptr = mxmlSaveAllocString(tree, MXML_NO_CALLBACK);

The first and last arguments are the same as used for `mxmlSaveFile()`. The `mxmlSaveString` function takes pointer and size arguments for saving the XML document to a fixed-size buffer, while `mxmlSaveAllocString()` returns a string buffer that was allocated using `malloc()`.

### Controlling Line Wrapping

When saving XML documents, Mini-XML normally wraps output lines at column 75 so that the text is readable in terminal windows. The `mxmlSetWrapMargin` function overrides the default wrap margin:

    /* Set the margin to 132 columns */
    mxmlSetWrapMargin(132);

    /* Disable wrapping */
    mxmlSetWrapMargin(0);

## Memory Management

Once you are done with the XML data, use the `mxmlDelete` function to recursively free the memory that is used for a particular node or the entire tree:

    mxmlDelete(tree);

You can also use reference counting to manage memory usage. The `mxmlRetain` and `mxmlRelease` functions increment and decrement a node's use count, respectively. When the use count goes to 0, `mxmlRelease` will automatically call `mxmlDelete` to actually free the memory used by the node tree. New nodes automatically start with a use count of 1.

## Finding and Iterating Nodes

The `mxmlWalkPrev` and `mxmlWalkNext`functions can be used to iterate through the XML node tree:

    mxml_node_t *node;

    node = mxmlWalkPrev(current, tree,
                        MXML_DESCEND);

    node = mxmlWalkNext(current, tree,
                        MXML_DESCEND);

In addition, you can find a named element/node using the `mxmlFindElement` function:

    mxml_node_t *node;

    node = mxmlFindElement(tree, tree, "name",
                           "attr", "value",
                           MXML_DESCEND);

The `name`, `attr`, and `value` arguments can be passed as `NULL` to act as wildcards, e.g.:

    /* Find the first "a" element */
    node = mxmlFindElement(tree, tree, "a",
                           NULL, NULL,
                           MXML_DESCEND);

    /* Find the first "a" element with "href"
       attribute */
    node = mxmlFindElement(tree, tree, "a",
                           "href", NULL,
                           MXML_DESCEND);

    /* Find the first "a" element with "href"
       to a URL */
    node = mxmlFindElement(tree, tree, "a",
                           "href",
                           "http://www.example.com/",
                           MXML_DESCEND);

    /* Find the first element with a "src"
       attribute */
    node = mxmlFindElement(tree, tree, NULL,
                           "src", NULL,
                           MXML_DESCEND);

    /* Find the first element with a "src"
       = "foo.jpg" */
    node = mxmlFindElement(tree, tree, NULL,
                           "src", "foo.jpg",
                           MXML_DESCEND);

You can also iterate with the same function:

    mxml_node_t *node;

    for (node = mxmlFindElement(tree, tree,
                                "name",
                                NULL, NULL,
                                MXML_DESCEND);
         node != NULL;
         node = mxmlFindElement(node, tree,
                                "name",
                                NULL, NULL,
                                MXML_DESCEND))
    {
      ... do something ...
    }

The `MXML_DESCEND` argument can actually be one of three constants:

- `MXML_NO_DESCEND` means to not to look at any child nodes in the element hierarchy, just look at siblings at the same level or parent nodes until the top node or top-of-tree is reached.

  The previous node from "group" would be the "node" element to the left, while the next node from "group" would be the "node" element to the right.

- `MXML_DESCEND_FIRST` means that it is OK to descend to the first child of a node, but not to descend further when searching. You'll normally use this when iterating through direct children of a parent node, e.g. all of the "node" and "group" elements under the "?xml" parent node in the example above.

  This mode is only applicable to the search function; the walk functions treat this as `MXML_DESCEND` since every call is a first time.

- `MXML_DESCEND` means to keep descending until you hit the bottom of the tree. The previous node from "group" would be the "val3" node and the next node would be the first node element under "group".

  If you were to walk from the root node "?xml" to the end of the tree with `mxmlWalkNext()`, the order would be:

  `?xml data node val1 node val2 node val3 group node val4 node val5 node val6 node val7 node val8`

  If you started at "val8" and walked using `mxmlWalkPrev()`, the order would be reversed, ending at "?xml".

## Finding Specific Nodes

You can find specific nodes in the tree using the `mxmlFindPath`, for example:

    mxml_node_t *value;

    value = mxmlFindPath(tree, "path/to/*/foo/bar");

The second argument is a "path" to the parent node. Each component of the path is separated by a slash (/) and represents a named element in the document tree or a wildcard (*) path representing 0 or more intervening nodes.